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Causes and Types Earth Science Standard 3d • A 7.0 earthquake occurs in Los Angeles. Your house is shaking and you run out of the house in terror… • 1) What is the first thing you would grab out of your house? Why? • 2) What should go into an earthquake survival kit? • Earthquake: release of energy or a shaking or vibration of the ground. Berlin, Germany Turkey • Occur at faults: weak rocks/cracks in lithosphere (crust). • Happen at plate boundaries b/c of movement of plates. San Andreas Fault: No. American and Pacific Stress Relief!! • Equakes occur to relieve stress, which builds from movement and sticking of rocks. Details • Focus: point at which rocks 1st break . Starts here. Deep! • Energy waves travel out in all directions. • Epicenter: Point directly above focus on land. Movie Types of Faults • 1) Dip-slip faults: Surfaces that are inclined. 2) Strike-slip faults: Surfaces that are vertical, but move horizontally (sliding) Fault Dip Slip Normal Fault-Divergent Dip Slip Reverse FaultConvergent Strike-Slip FaultTransform 1) faults 2) landslides 3) volcanic eruptions 4) filling of reservoirs 5) atomic explosions Aftershocks! • Occurs after an earthquake • The 1st quake caused a change in the stress along the fault, leading to more movement. • Can be one or many after a quake. Seismic Retrofit: Reinforcement of Materials for Equakes Earthquake Energy Waves • AKA seismic waves • 3 types: 1) Longitudinal waves: P (Primary) Waves: fastest, reach measuring stations 1st. 2) Transverse waves: S (Secondary) Waves: slower than P waves, measured 2nd. 3) Surface waves: causes surface to bend and reshape; cause most destruction. Tell Your Neighbor: What the 3 Types of Waves Are? Which ones are the strongest? • Study of earthquakes and movements. • Use machines called seismographs, which record P, S, and surface waves onto a piece of paper. • Cal Tech! • Measure of amplitude of seismic wave (magnitude). • Each step is 10 times stronger than previous step. • Lower #, less damage and effects. • Uses roman numerals to show intensity and damage. • Lower number, less intensity. Giuseppe Mercalli Mercalli Scale Earthquakes around the World NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio • Earthquakes and Fault Lines Video • Understanding the Science of Earthquakes Video