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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE ORIGIN OF LIFE CONCEPTS: 1. Biology: Methods to study biology and Pioneers 2. Characteristics of Cells and Cell Theory 3. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 4. Viruses Introduction • Biology-The study of the life. • Scientific Method (OHEC) • Reasoning: Deductive and Inductive Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Basic Properties of Cells • Can grow and reproduce in culture • Undergo biochemical processes and are regulated • Contain genetic materials and respond to stimuli Cell Theory: Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow Two fundamental classes of Cells •Prokaryotes-all bacteria: Arose 3.5 billion years ago, some are photosynthetic •Eukaryotes- protists, fungi, plants and animals: Arose 1.5 billion years ago Characteristics of Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes •Complexity: simple (P), complex (E) •Genetic Material: Located in Nucloid region (P), Nucleus (E). Characteristics of Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes •Cytoplasm: membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeletal proteins (E), neither in prokaryotes, 70S ribosomes (P) and 80S (E). Subkingdoms of Prokaryotes: Archaebacteria: Eubacteria: mycoplasma, cyanobacteria, E.coli, etc. • Viruses: Obligatory Parasites, Virion-viral particle outside host. Origin: from host • Genome • Protein capsid surrounds genome • Eukaryotic viruses have envolupes • Infections: Lytic or Lysogenic (provirus) • HIV: Lysogenic, budding, host may become malignant. • Other infectious agents: viroid (plants), prions (animals) • Overview of the Emergence of cells and infectious agents • (Prokaryotes) Archaebacteria Eubacteria mitochondrion and chloroplast Eukaryotes Viruses and other infectious agents