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Linguistics Studied structure of languages Studied langue Adequate to study one person Speech dismissed as random variation Sociolinguistics Study actual speech Study attitudes and values relating to speech Must understand patterns of speech to understand language change Anthropology Had to learn language before could do other research Used speech as a way to study other cultural patterns Ethnography of speaking Study of cultural rules which organize speech. Assume speech is patterned in culturally-specific and cross-culturally variable ways Sociology Used speech to study other social patterns Sociology of Language Study institutional factors that influence speech such as choice of language, language switch Study individual factors such as values, identity Communicative Competence What does a speaker need to know to speak appropriately beyond grammar and vocabulary What to say/not to say to whom, when, where Change from former assumptions Speech was assumed to be without system Functions of speech assumed to be universally the same 1 Language=1 Culture = 1Community Ethnocentrism Judge others according to the values of your own society Misinterpret other cultures because you use the concepts of your own culture Ethnocentrism All societies are ethnocentric. Western ethnocentrism has had great impact on the world Cultural relativism Understand the values and customs of another culture in terms of that culture Make the effort to understand the other culture in its own terms Be hesitant about judging Try to understand, not necessarily to accept or agree Moral relativism The position that there is no way for us as individuals to judge right from wrong. This would mean that, as individuals, we could never disapprove of what any society did. NOT PRACTICED BY ANTHROPOLOGISTS When confronting the culturally unfamiliar React emotionally/ethnocentrically Suspend judgment, investigate, try to be culturally relative Reach a thoughtful personal judgment