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Brighter than Gold: Figurative Language in User
Brighter than Gold: Figurative Language in User

... characterize similes, and group them in two conceptually distinctive classes. The first class contains cues that are agnostic of the context in which the comparison appears (domain-agnostic cues). For example, we find that the higher the semantic similarity between the two arguments, the less likely ...
Intuitions and Competence in Formal Semantics
Intuitions and Competence in Formal Semantics

... a flourishing field, but not longer the dominant paradigm, being in the company of corpus-based investigations, including typological and historical databases, work that extensively uses computational modelling, and so on. With this diversity in theories and approaches comes one in methodologies. An ...
CDA Wodak File
CDA Wodak File

... CDA sees the relationship between language and society being dialectical. This means that the relationship between language and society is two-way: on the one hand, language is influenced by society; on the other hand, society is shaped by language. Describing discourse as social practice implies t ...
Exploring Intercultural Interactions in Multicultural Contexts:
Exploring Intercultural Interactions in Multicultural Contexts:

... speakers, evaluated by others, seems to rely only on his listeners’ knowledge of the issue and the rude, inefficient speaker’s indirect contextualization cues (e.g., tone stressing and using personal emotional feeling to assess his audiences) to carry his argument, which is not followed by his liste ...
semiotic mediation, language and society: three exotripic theories
semiotic mediation, language and society: three exotripic theories

... the social line, which as it were transforms the early natural functions into a higher level of mental activity. An excellent example of the relation of the two lines of mental development is provided by Vygotsky (1978: 51; emphasis added) in the following extract: ... when a human being ties a knot ...
On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics
On the Distinctions between Semantics and Pragmatics

... view is that syntax disregards meaning in favor of the study of "purely formal phenomena". When it comes to the distinction between semantics and pragmatics this seems mostly to be seen as an abstraction of meaning along the dimension of context and situation dependence. But it has also been argued ...
Building a Corpus in Linguistic Anthropology
Building a Corpus in Linguistic Anthropology

... In anthropology and linguistics, the term corpus refers to a collection of data sets used to tackle a particular research question. This can be a collection of passive sentences used for a research on the passive of a certain language, or a collection of photos, interview recordings and their transc ...
Linguistics and Intercultural Communication
Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

... describing some of the major studies in each tradition, and pointing out problematic aspects of each tradition (sections 3 and 4). The understanding of Intercultural Communication as ‘interdiscourse communication’ is the most recent addition to the field, and traditionally Intercultural Communicatio ...
Full Paper - Progressive Academic Publishing
Full Paper - Progressive Academic Publishing

... the publication of Reading Images: Grammar of Visual Design, in 1996. They presented the concept of “semiotic landscape” having its own boundaries, features, landmarks and history. They used the term “grammar” as a set of socially constructed elements rather than rules for the correct usage of langu ...
COGNITIVE CONTROL AND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 2 The
COGNITIVE CONTROL AND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION 2 The

... arises naturally during verbal communication; heeding ambiguity as evidence for possible misinterpretation, though, is crucially reliant on conflict monitoring. Attending to contextual cues via conflict monitoring is thus essential for adequate language perception. A fitting demonstration of the pro ...
Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in Anthropology
Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in Anthropology

... it does not treat terms as independent entities, taking instead as its basis of analysis the relations between terms; third, it introduces the concept of system-"Modern phonemics does not merely proclaim that phonemes are always part of a system; it shows concrete phonemic systems and elucidates the ...
Discourse and creativity - Reading`s CentAUR
Discourse and creativity - Reading`s CentAUR

... back to the linguist Zellig Harris (1952), who in the early fifties used the term ‘discourse’ to describe the next level in an analytical hierarchy of morphemes, clauses and sentences. What Harris proposed was a method of analyzing language beyond the sentence by attending to the distribution and co ...
Discourse Analysis (General Introduction)
Discourse Analysis (General Introduction)

... common to associate discourse with language use. Generally, the term refers to any spoken or written communication. In the restricted sense, early scholars of discourse saw it as any verbal exchange or conversation. In contemporary times, discourse means “actual instances of communicative action in ...
Semiotic Anthropology
Semiotic Anthropology

... indexical or “pragmatic” level) interact with less contextual, more conventional kinds of meaning (the symbolic or semantic level, focused more on language content than form). (See Morris 1971 on the semantic/pragmatic distinction.) A further complication is introduced by the need to incorporate ana ...
WHAT IS MEANT BY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS?
WHAT IS MEANT BY DISCOURSE ANALYSIS?

... ❍ within conversation analysis where narratives are seen not so much as structural realisations, but as interactive accomplishments which involve audience uptake and the negotation of an "extended, monological" turn in conversational talk - cf. the work of Harvey Sacks. ❍ within ethnopoetics where o ...
Rereading Romanticism, Rereading Expressivism: Revising "Voice
Rereading Romanticism, Rereading Expressivism: Revising "Voice

... language, including the relationship of physical, worldly things to language, accumulated. According to Hans Aarsleff, “language study” in this period “even when called philology,” was not merely a matter of knowing the forms, syntax, phonology, historical relationships, and other aspects of particu ...
What Is the Sapir?Whorf Hypothesis? - Name
What Is the Sapir?Whorf Hypothesis? - Name

... A direct test of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis I will involve the following: for the linguistic variable, we select subjects from two languages that differ in color terminology. For example, English makes a basic lexical distinction (Berlin and Kay 1969:5ff) between the color categories ‘green’ and ‘bl ...
REREADING ROMANTICISM, REREADING EXPRESSIVISM: REVISING “VOICE” THROUGH WORDSWORTH’S PREFACES
REREADING ROMANTICISM, REREADING EXPRESSIVISM: REVISING “VOICE” THROUGH WORDSWORTH’S PREFACES

... language, including the relationship of physical, worldly things to language, accumulated. According to Hans Aarsleff, “language study” in this period “even when called philology,” was not merely a matter of knowing the forms, syntax, phonology, historical relationships, and other aspects of particu ...
the combination of critical discourse analysis
the combination of critical discourse analysis

... the power of local agency (Johnson 2011; Ricento and Hornberger 1996). Pennycook (2006) advocates what Foucault (1982, p. 92) argues, ‘the focus is on how power circulates across various contexts, within micro-level practices and discourses’. He (Pennycook 2006, p. 65) argues that LPP study should r ...
Language Contact and Morphosyntactic - Phil.
Language Contact and Morphosyntactic - Phil.

... learners’ varieties on the other. It was acquired by both young and adult speakers through contact with German colonists (see Deumert 2003:577 and 2009:374–379). Some of the most important morphosyntactic characteristics of Black Namibian German include the missing case and gender marking of nouns, ...
introduction to contrastive linguistics
introduction to contrastive linguistics

... throughout the 50s and 60s - and extend its scope so as to describe the differences, as well as the similarities between two or more linguistic systems, both cross-linguistically and intralinguistically, and both synchronically and diachronically. Thus, on the diachronic level, issues regarding the ...
chapter two - UM Students` Repository
chapter two - UM Students` Repository

... (high), and the vernacular or popular variety of the language is termed L (low). Later, Ferguson (1964) called H the ‘superposed’ variety, meaning that “the variety in question is not the primary, ‘native’ variety for the speakers in question but may be learned in addition to this”. It is assumed t ...
Cultural evolution of language
Cultural evolution of language

... implications for competition between human groups and rates of change? At this stage we are not in a position to answer such questions, which constitute part of the ongoing challenge in this domain. However, we would like to sketch the main challenges for an evolutionary perspective to language. Thi ...
Introduction to frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure
Introduction to frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure

... utterances. More generally, the argument structure frames for verbs predicted by theories of the "mental lexicon" are only recoverable for natural discourse to the degree that the verb is unusual. For the more common verbs such as to get exceptions and special uses abound to the point of invalidatin ...
Some Principles on the use of Macro
Some Principles on the use of Macro

... Here we find another likely inconsistency in the macro-area assignments. The genus Oceanic, making up the eastern half of the white dots on Map 6, is clearly adjacent to the languages of the ‘Australia and New Guinea’ area rather than the Southeast Asia area. The assignment of the Oceanic genus to ...
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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. There are three aspects to this study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the description of language have been attributed to Pāṇini, who was an early student of linguistics(fl. 4th century BCE), with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.Linguistics analyzes human language as a system for relating sounds (or signs in signed languages) and meaning. Phonetics studies acoustic and articulatory properties of the production and perception of speech sounds and non-speech sounds. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other aspects of the world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, pragmatics deals with how context influences meanings.Grammar is a system of rules which govern the form of the utterances in a given language. It encompasses both sound and meaning, and includes phonology (how sounds and gestures function together), morphology (the formation and composition of words), and syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from words).In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the specific utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles and system of rules that govern a language. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance, where competence is individual's ideal knowledge of a language, while performance is the specific way in which it is used.The formal study of language has also led to the growth of fields like psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which studies language processing in the brain; and language acquisition, which investigates how children and adults acquire a particular language.Linguistics also includes nonformal approaches to the study of other aspects of human language, such as social, cultural, historical and political factors. The study of cultural discourses and dialects is the domain of sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures, as well as that of discourse analysis, which examines the structure of texts and conversations. Research on language through historical and evolutionary linguistics focuses on how languages change, and on the origin and growth of languages, particularly over an extended period of time.Corpus linguistics takes naturally occurring texts or films (in signed languages) as its primary object of analysis, and studies the variation of grammatical and other features based on such corpora. Stylistics involves the study of patterns of style: within written, signed, or spoken discourse. Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry to describe languages and their grammars. Lexicography covers the study and construction of dictionaries. Computational linguistics applies computer technology to address questions in theoretical linguistics, as well as to create applications for use in parsing, data retrieval, machine translation, and other areas. People can apply actual knowledge of a language in translation and interpreting, as well as in language education - the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.Areas of study related to linguistics include semiotics (the study of signs and symbols both within language and without), literary criticism, translation, and speech-language pathology.
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