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• Zygote: fertilized cell created by the union of the egg and sperm • Embryonic stem cells – Created during earliest divisions – Potential to become any type of cell • Average human: – 100 trillion cells – Over 200 types of human cells Determination • Determination – Stem cell genes program the cell to be a specific type – Few weeks into development – Irreversible Differentiation • Differentiation – Cells acquire the structures & functions of a specialized cell – Specific genes activated Quick Questions • Do your muscle cells have the same DNA as your skin cells? Yes • Do your skin cells have the same DNA as your brain cells? Yes • Do your brain cells have the same DNA as your liver cells? Yes • So if all your cells have the same DNA, how do they know to do different jobs? Stay tuned for the answer Stem cell programmed to become a muscle cell Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G How the the top same cell know to become a muscle cell…and If theywill have genes…how does one become a the bottom become a nerve cell if they have identical genes? muscle to and the other a nerve? Stem cell programmed to become a nerve cell Gene A Gene B Gene C Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Stem cell programmed to become a muscle cell Gene A ON ON Gene B Gene C ON Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Remember that genes tell cells to create proteins. Muscle During “differentiation”, genes are on the cells create different proteins certain from nerve cells based activated in some genes that are active. cells, but deactivated in others. Stem cell programmed to become a nerve cell ON ON Gene A Gene B Gene C ON Gene D Gene E Gene F Gene G Programmed cell death (apoptosis) between the fingers Webbed Toes • Cell: Basic unit • Tissue: Group of cells – 4 types • Organ: Groups of tissue – Ex: lung contains each tissue • Organ System: Group of organs working together – Digestive System • Organism: all organ systems working together Epithelial Tissue Nerve Tissue Muscle Connective TissueTissue •Transmit protection sheetsignals of cells • electric • Contracting • Support the cells body •Brain skin, & stomach lining • Spinal Cord • Skeletal, • Bone, fat, cardiac tendons cells YouTube Review Video for help Click here if the video above does not work. 1) 2) 3) 4) What is a zygote? What is the specific function of a stem cell? How does “determination” differ from “differentiation”? Cells are programmed to die during a process called ______. 5) From smallest to largest, name the 5 levels of organization. 6) Name the four types of tissues. 7) Which tissue is able to stretch and contract? 8) Which tissue transmits electric signals? 9) Which tissue covers and protects the body? 10) Which tissue connects the body?