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Download Unit 4. Week 2. Meiosis and Reproduction
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Warm Up 1. Pick up a slip of paper to write your warmup 2. Explain the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis. I should see a paragraph that includes the following information in your answer: a. The number of cells that each produces b. How the number of chromosomes is affected Agenda • Objectives: SWBAT: explain how each gene is made up of two alleles, one coming from each parent AND explain how cancer spreads in an organism. • Pass Back Notebooks – Explain Grades • Review • Brain Pop Video • Start Genetics • Short Quiz tomorrow on cellular division Notebook Grades • • • • • Out of 125 points Table of Contents: 3 points Warm-ups: 2 points each = 38 points Notes: 5 points each= 90 points Stamps are extra credit Review Mitosis and Meiosis a. Mitosis occurs in body cells. – – Mitosis is how your body grows and repairs its tissues. Form of asexual reproduction b. Meiosis occurs only in sex cells (sperm and egg cells). – – Meiosis allows people to reproduce. Form of sexual reproduction Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells Meiosis produces 4 haploid cells COPY THE CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS Practice Problems 1. 2. 3. What is an advantage of meiosis? What is a disadvantage of mitosis? Is mitosis an asexual or sexual method of reproduction? 4. A cell has 12 chromosomes. a. How many chromosomes will it have after MITOSIS? b. How many chromosomes will it have after MEIOSIS? 5. Meiosis makes cells with ______ set(s) of chromosomes. Rate of Cell Division a. Cells only divide through mitosis and cytokinesis so the body can grow and repair itself b. If you get a cut, your skin cells will divide rapidly to heal the wound. When you’re almost healed, the cell division will slow down and then stop. How can I relate to cell division? • Raise your hand if you know someone that had or has cancer. Cellular Division and Cancer a. Cancer is when your body cannot control the rate of cellular division. b. Cancer forms in the body when harmful cells continue to divide and reproduce. c. The cells reproduce asexually through mitosis and cytokinesis. d. Harmful cells form tumors and can also enter the blood stream. More on Cancer • Cancer • Make sure you’re paying attention because you may have to answer some questions from the video! The Big Picture • http://www.brainpop.com/science/ cellularlifeandgenetics/genetics/ Exit Ticket 1. What happens to a person’s cells if they have cancer? 2. A cell has 12 chromosomes. a. How many chromosomes will it have after MITOSIS? b. How many chromosomes will it have after MEIOSIS? Study Guide • Complete study guide • If everyone is working quietly, I will consider letting you use your study guides on the quiz tomorrow Oh yeah, I said it! Warm Up 1. How many daughter cells are produced after a cell goes through meiosis? 2. How many sets of chromosomes are in cells that are produced by meiosis? 3. What is the name for a cell that has 1 set of chromosomes? Practice Questions 1. If a hamster’s body cell has 22 chromosomes how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have that are produced by Mitosis? 2. If a organism has 13 chromosomes in one of its sex cells (gametes), how many chromosomes are in its body cells? Review 1. If a human body cell has 46 chromosomes in it how many chromosomes are in the daughter cells that are produced by meiosis? 2. If a dog has 22 chromosomes and it goes through mitosis, how many chromosomes will be in the 2 daughter cells produced? Meiosis If an organisms diploid number is 24, then its haploid number is a. 6 b. 24 c. 12 d. 48 Warm-Up 1. What do you know about genes and/or genetics? 2. Where did you get your genes from? 3. Which type of cell division leads to genetic variability? Genetics Why we are the way we are What is Heredity? a. Genetics is the study of heredity b. What is heredity? - Heredity is how different genes are passed down from parents to children. What is Heredity? c. Every person has traits that they inherited from their parents - Traits are specific characteristics that vary from one person to another Examples include height, eye color, hair color What are Genes? a. Genes are made up of DNA, which make up chromosomes - Comparison: If genes were sentences, then DNA would be the words and chromosomes would be the paragraph. All of your genetic information would be a book. What are Genes? "I have no money," said the tree, "Just apples, twigs and leaves". But soon the boy grew older and one day he came and said, "Can you give me some money, tree, to buy something I’ve found"? "I have no money," said the tree, "Just apples, twigs and leaves". "But you can take my apples, boy, and sell them in the town". And so he did and Oh, the tree was happy. Oh, the tree was glad What do genes do? a. Genes are like an instruction manual for our cells. They tell cells what to do and how to do it. b. Genes determine things like what type of organism you are and what you look like “Where do you stand” activity • “Activity One: Heredity and Environment” • Let’s read the directions together • Be prepared to discuss what you put down! Conclusion • Not everything about you is determined by heredity • Environment can sometimes play a big role in who you are and what you do • We’re going to focus in the unit on the genetic side of the debate Warm Up 1. What does heredity mean? 2. How many chromosomes do we have? 3. What do genes do? 4. What is an example of a trait? 5. Do you think alcoholism is due to heredity or the environment? Explain why Agenda • Objective: • Vocabulary Development – Understanding vocabulary is crucial for this unit. – There are a lot of new terms to learn 1. Review of key terms a. Heredity is how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring. b. Genetics is the study of heredity c. Traits are inherited characteristics that vary between individuals c. Genes are sequences of DNA that code for specific traits 2. Gregor Mendel a. Gregor Mendel was a monk that lived in the 1800’s b. He worked with 2 different kinds of pea plants that reproduced in 2 different ways - Self-pollination - Cross-pollination 3. Types of Reproduction a. Self-pollination is when a plant’s pollen fertilizes egg cells in the SAME flower b. Cross-pollination is when pollen from one flower fertilizes the eggs in A DIFFERENT flower Tying concepts together When offspring are produced by ONE parent, is it sexual or asexual reproduction? Asexual Is self-pollination asexual or sexual reproduction? Asexual Is cross-pollination asexual or sexual reproduction? Sexual 4. Mendel’s Experiments a. Mendel grew pea plants with different traits from one another. – When the plants self-pollinated, their offspring had the exact same traits b. Then he crossed different plants with different characteristics. – Example: Crossed tall plants with short plants – Cross: to breed 2 different individuals that result in offspring with genetic material from each parent. 5. First Cross a. In the first cross or generation, Mendel observed only 1 of the 2 traits in the offspring – Ex. When he crossed tall plants with short plants, he ALWAYS got tall plants 5. First Cross b. One parents’ traits seem to dominate the other parent’s traits. c. Traits that always dominate others are called DOMINANT 6. Second Cross a. Mendel decided to do another cross to see if he got the same results b. In the second cross or generation, both traits reappeared - He saw tall and short plants in the second generation He saw the dominant trait as well as the hidden trait c. Hidden or masked traits are called RECESSIVE • Cross tall plant and short plant • First Generation – Only tall plants • Second Cross • Second Generation – Tall and short plants Exit Ticket • Define genetics • What did Gregor Mendel discover about traits? • What are dominant traits? • We now know that the factors that Mendel studied are alleles, or alternative forms of a gene. • One allele for each trait is passed from each parent to the offspring. 1. Dominant and Recessive a. Dominant and recessive can refer to – Traits – Genes – Alleles b. Alleles are the different forms of a gene. They are represented by one letter (a, D) c. Genes are represented by two letters (Aa, DD) d. Dominant traits are not necessarily more common What’s the difference between… • Homozygous and Heterozyous AND • Genotype and Phenotype 2. Homozygous vs. Heterozyous Definition Homozygous When a gene has two identical alleles for the same trait Heterozygous When a gene has two different alleles for the same trait Dominant, Example recessive or both? Practice Set 1 1. Which gene below is homozygous dominant? 2. Which gene below is heterozygous? GG, Gg, gg allele 3. Gg 4. Gg Gene 3. Genotype vs. Phenotype Definition Genotype The ____________ make up of an organism Phenotype The ____________ make up of an organism Example (eye color) Practice Set 2 5. bb = ____________________ 6. Blue eyes = ________________ 4. Punnett Squares a. Punnett Squares: are used to determine the offspring of a cross. b. In a Punnett square, the male genotype is written above the square and the female genotype is written to the left of the square A a a A 5. What do we use them for? a. To find the results of crosses and… – The probability of an offspring being heterozygous, homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive – The probability of certain phenotypes b. A Monohybrid cross shows the possible genotypes for a single specific trait, like height. – “Mono” = one 6. How do you fill in Punnett Squares a. Rule of Thumb…. – The male genotype goes above the square – The female genotype goes on the left of the square 6. How do you fill in Punnett Squares? b. First, you write the parents’ genotypes - one letter for each column or row c. Then you distribute the letters Practice Set 3 7. Fill in the Punnett square 8. How many boxes have homozygous genes? ____ out of 4 = _____ % 9. How many boxes have heterozygous genes? ____ out of 4= _____ % 10. If brown is the dominant eye color, what percentage of children will have brown eyes? Let’s try another • A couple wants to know the probability that they will have a that has dimples. • Dimples are a dominant trait • The man has a genotype of Dd and the woman has a genotype of dd. Thursday Bellwork 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. An _________ is a form of a gene that is represented by one letter What does homozygous mean? What does heterozygous mean? What’s the difference between genotype and phenotype? In the Punnett square shown, is the father heterozygous or homozygous? How many squares are Friday Bellwork Identify each of the following as homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive or heterozygous. 1.Hh 2.Kk PP Pp 3.ll 4.jj PP Pp 5.DD 6. What is the genotype of the father in this punnett square? 7. What’s the genotype of the mother? 8. What’s the probability of a child being homozygous recessive? • Today Friday Agenda and Announcements – Turn in Bellwork and Genetics Practice Problems Sheet – Review with whiteboards – Pull Tickets – Quiz • Next Week – Tracking mastery and make-up – Genetics activity – Progress reports and projects Review Quiz