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Download Intro to Genetics
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Intro to Genetics 1. Define the following terms: Genetics- • The study of HOW traits are passed from parent to offspring. Traits- INHERITED characteristics/traits Heredity- • Passing of traits from parents to offspring Gene- • 1 unit of code to a characteristic Allele- • DIFFERENT forms of one unit. 2. Which allele can hide the presence of any other allele? How do we identify that allele when writing out the genotype? • -dominant • -capital letter 3. What allele can be hidden? How do we identify that allele when writing out a genotype? • -recessive • -lowercase letter 4. How many alleles usually make up a genotype? 2 5. If “B” is brown and “b” is blonde. Write the genotype and identify the phenotype for: Heterozygous- • Bb-brown Homozygous • bb-blonde recessiveHomozygous • BB-brown dominant- 6. In a homozygous genotype the alleles are both the same. 7. What is another name for homozygous? • purebred 8. In a heterozygous genotype the alleles are different. 9. What is another name for heterozygous? • hybrid 10. Can we see the phenotype or the genotype? • phenotype 11. Who is the “Father of Genetics” who studied pea plants? • Gregor Mendel 12. Mendel had 3 conclusions; the first was that every trait has how many factors/alleles? • 2 13. Mendel’s 2nd conclusion was the Law segregation of ___________ where 2 factors/alleles for each trait separate during gamete anaphase I and __________ anaphase II formation in _________ of meiosis. 14. Mendel’s 3rd conclusion was the Independent Law of ___________ Assortment ___________, this is when factors/alleles for different characteristics separate randomly __________ during ____________ metaphase I anaphase I and_____________of meiosis. 15. What do we use to predict the traits of offspring? • Punnett Squares 16. If we don’t know the genotype of an organism displaying a dominant trait, we test cross to identify the can use a __________ unknown allele (we already know one allele is dominant because the trait is being displayed) 17. Complete the following test crosses and identify the parent as either homozygous dominant or heterozygous. The one parent demonstrates a dominant phenotype. (Cross this unknown dominant phenotype with a known genotype to complete the following Punnett Squares) b Bb Bb Bb Bb bb bb Bb Bb B Unknown parent-Bb Unknown parent-BB Heterozygous Homozygous dominant 18. What are most traits? • polygenic 19. Define and give an example for: Polygenic trait-• trait controlled by 2 or more pairs of alleles ex. Hair color 19.cont. • traits controlled by 3 or Multiple alleles: more alleles ex. Blood type 19. cont. Codominance:• both alleles are expressed in phenotype ex. Black + white= spotted 19. cont. Incomplete • heterozygote genotype makes a 3rd phenotype ex. Red + dominance: white=pink 20. What 3 things does genetic engineering do between two organisms? • -identify genes • -manipulate genes • -transfer genes 21. DNA that is a combination of two different sources is called? • Recombinant DNA 22. When DNA is combined from two different sources, what kind of organism does it produce? • Transgenic organism 23. What are the 4 main practical reasons for genetic engineering? • • • • -medicine -vaccines -Food & crops -Plants 24. What is a benefit of genetically engineering medications? • Lowers cost 25. What is a benefit of genetically engineering vaccines? • Virus prevention 26. What are three possible benefits to genetic engineering of food? • -ripen faster • -combination of 2 foods • -add vitamins and nutrients 27. What are three benefits to genetically altering plants? – -to be resistant to pesticides – -be toxic to insects – -no or less need to fertilize or soil 28. Give me a controversial genetic engineering topic and explain if you agree or disagree. • Cloning- answers vary 29 &30. Make Punnett squares for the following and give the fraction of dominate phenotypes and the percentage of recessive phenotypes. • Parents: EE & Ee 4/4 dominant phenotype 0% recessive phenotype E E e E EE EE Ee Ee 29 & 30 cont. Parents: Ff & Ff ¾ dominant phenotype F f 25% recessive phenotype F FF Ff f Ff ff 29 &30 cont. Parents: RR & rr R 4/4 dominant phenotype R r Rr Rr r Rr Rr 0% recessive phenotype