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Heredity • The passing of traits from parent to offspring • Traits: physical characteristics of an organism –Example: eye color, hair color, & height Genetics • The study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring by looking at genes – Genes are small sections of DNA on a chromosomes that has information about a trait • Each chromosome has a gene for the same trait (eye color from mom & eye color from dad) – Traits are determined by alleles on the chromosomes • Each gene of a gene pair is called an allele – Inherited traits are determined by the alleles on the chromosome Genes on a Chromosome • Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string. • The chromosomes in a pair may have different alleles for some genes and the same allele for others. Types of Alleles • Dominant Alleles describe a genetic factor that is always expressed. – It prevents a recessive trait from showing up in offspring. – Represented by capital letters (B) • Recessive Alleles describe a genetic factor that is not always expressed. – It only expresses itself when both of the recessive traits are inherited – Represented by lowercase letters (b) Examining & Studying Traits • Two ways scientist study traits – Phenotype: outside expression of a gene • Blue Eyes – Genotype: the two alleles a person has inherited that can only be seen on the DNA • BB, Bb, or bb • Two categories of genotypes – Homozygous: inherited two identical alleles • BB (pure dominant) or bb (pure recessive) – Heterozygous: inherited two different alleles • Bb (hybrid) Punnett Squares Mom • Shows all possible combinations of alleles that children can inherit from parents • Mom’s genotype for brown eyes (Bb) • Dad’s genotype for brown eyes (Bb) • Offspring’s Phenotype – 75% brown, 25% blue • Offspring’s Genotype – 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb B D a d b B BB Bb b brown brown Bb bb brown blue Punnett Square Practice • What is the genotype and the phenotype for each parent? • What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes for the offspring? Selective Breeding • Selective Breeding is an intentional mating of organisms to produce offspring with specific traits – Two types: • Pure bred • Hybrid Selective Breeding: pure bred • Pure breeding – Crossing two individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles. • Example: breeding only fast horses, breeding only labs – Con – decreases genetic variety therefore makes it harder to adapt, resist diseases, and higher chance of genetic disorders Selective Breeding: hybrid • Hybridization – Crossing two genetically different individuals. The Hybrid organism is bred to have the best traits from both parents. • Example: Labradoodles, corn produces lots of kernels with one resistant to disease – Con – doesn’t always turn out the planned way & is time consuming • Can not easily predict whether the dominant or recessive trait will appear