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Transcript
Chapter 15 • Overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes • Genes – Are located on chromosomes Figure 15.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The chromosome theory of inheritance states that – Mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes – Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Linked Genes • Concept 15.2: Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome • Each chromosome – Has hundreds or thousands of genes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The farther apart genes are on a chromosome – The more likely they are to be separated during crossing over Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Concept 15.3: Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Chromosomal Basis of Sex • An organism’s sex – Is an inherited phenotypic character determined by the presence or absence of certain chromosomes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • In humans and other mammals – There are two varieties of sex chromosomes, X and Y 44 + XY 22 + X Sperm 44 + XX (a) The X-Y system Figure 15.9a Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings 44 + XX Parents 22 + Y 22 + X Ova Zygotes (offspring) 44 + XY Inheritance of Sex-Linked Genes • The sex chromosomes – Have genes for many characters unrelated to sex • A gene located on either sex chromosome – Is called a sex-linked gene Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Sex-linked genes (a) A father with the disorder will transmit the mutant allele to all daughters but to no sons. When the mother is a dominant homozygote, the daughters will have the normal phenotype but will be carriers of the mutation. Ova – Follow specific patterns of inheritance XaY XAXA Sperm Xa Y XA XAXa XAY XA XAYa XAY XAXa XAY (b) If a carrier mates with a male of normal phenotype, there is a 50% chance that each daughter will be a carrier like her mother, and a 50% chance that each son will have the disorder. Sperm Ova XA Y XA XAXA XAY Xa XaYA XaY (c) XAXa If a carrier mates with a male who has the disorder, there is a 50% chance that each child born to them will have the disorder, regardless of sex. Daughters who do not have the disorder will be carriers, where as males without the disorder will be completely free of the recessive allele. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings XaY Sperm Ova Figure 15.10a–c Xa Y XA XAXa XAY Xa XaYa XaY • Some recessive alleles found on the X chromosome in humans cause certain types of disorders – Color blindness – Duchenne muscular dystrophy – Hemophilia Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings X inactivation in Female Mammals • In mammalian females – One of the two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated during embryonic development Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • If a female is heterozygous for a particular gene located on the X chromosome – She will be a mosaic for that character Two cell populations in adult cat: Active X Early embryo: X chromosomes Cell division Inactive X and X chromosome Inactive X inactivation Orange fur Black fur Allele for black fur Active X Figure 15.11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Concept 15.4: Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders • Large-scale chromosomal alterations – Often lead to spontaneous abortions or cause a variety of developmental disorders Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abnormal Chromosome Number • When nondisjunction occurs – Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis – Gametes contain two copies or no copies of a particular chromosome Meiosis I Nondisjunction Meiosis II Nondisjunction Gametes n+1 Figure 15.12a, b n+1 n1 n+1 n –1 n–1 Number of chromosomes (a) Nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings n n (b) Nondisjunction of sister chromatids in meiosis II • Aneuploidy – Results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred – Is a condition in which offspring have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • If a zygote is trisomic – It has three copies of a particular chromosome • If a zygote is monosomic – It has only one copy of a particular chromosome Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Alterations of Chromosome Structure • Breakage of a chromosome can lead to four types of changes in chromosome structure – Deletion – Duplication – Inversion – Translocation Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Alterations of chromosome structure (a) A deletion removes a chromosomal segment. (b) A duplication repeats a segment. (c) An inversion reverses a segment within a chromosome. (d) A translocation moves a segment from one chromosome to another, nonhomologous one. In a reciprocal translocation, the most common type, nonhomologous chromosomes exchange fragments. Nonreciprocal translocations also occur, in which a chromosome transfers a fragment without receiving a fragment in return. A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H Deletion Duplication Inversion A B C E F G H A B C B C D E A D C B E F G H M N O C D E Reciprocal translocation M N O P Q Figure 15.14a–d Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings R A B P Q F G H R F G H Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations • Alterations of chromosome number and structure – Are associated with a number of serious human disorders Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Down Syndrome • Down syndrome – Is usually the result of an extra chromosome 21, trisomy 21 Figure 15.15 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aneuploidy of Sex Chromosomes • Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes – Produces a variety of aneuploid conditions • Aneuploidy – any abnormal number of a specific chromosome Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Klinefelter syndrome – Is the result of an extra chromosome in a male, producing XXY individuals • Turner syndrome – Is the result of monosomy X, producing an X0 karyotype Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders Caused by Structurally Altered Chromosomes • Cri du chat – Is a disorder caused by a deletion in a chromosome Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Certain cancers – Are caused by translocations of chromosomes Normal chromosome 9 Reciprocal translocation Translocated chromosome 9 Philadelphia chromosome Normal chromosome 22 Figure 15.16 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Translocated chromosome 22