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1 Phylogeny and the tree of life 2 Plant Diversity 3 Mash up 4 Living things 5 Animal Behavior 6 Metabolism 7 Phyogeny/t ree of life Plant Diversity Mash up Vertebr ates Animal behavior Metabolism $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 8 The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. 9 What is Phylogeny 10 An ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences. 11 What is Taxonomy? 12 This type of evolution has taken place when two organisms developed similarities as they adapted to similar environmental changes-not because they evolved from a common ancestor. 13 What is convergent evolution? 14 This diagram dipicts patterns of shared characteristics among Taxa and forms the basis of a phylogenetic tree. 15 What is a Cladogram? 16 Three domains of life. 17 What are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. 18 All land plants have a two molecular stages called alteration of generations. Name these stages. 19 What are Gametophyte and sporophyte? Which is the haploid stage? 20 Approximate time when plants colonized land. 21 When was 500 mya? 22 Structures that transport water and nutrients in vascular plants. 23 What are xylem and phloem? 24 Gametangia are organs in plants that make gametes. Name the organ in males and females respectively. 25 What are anthridia (make sperm) and archegonia (make eggs) 26 In seedless vascular plants, this stage is when meiosis occurs and spores are created in structures called sporangia. 27 What is sporophyte stage? 28 These types of plants produce “naked” seeds typically on cones. 29 What are gymnosperms? 30 These are the embryonic layers of a blastula as it develops into a multicellular animal. 31 What are endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm? What does each layer become within the organism? 32 Flower part that produces pollen 33 What is the stamen? 34 Vertebrates belong to this phylum. 35 What is chordata? 36 Name and describe characteristics of all chordates. 37 What are notochord (long flexible rod that appears during development between the digestive tube and the , dorsal hollow nerve cord , Pharyngeal clefts And muscular tail posterior to the anus? dorsal nerve cord) (formed from ectoderm) (slits that allow water in and out without using the digestive tract). 38 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk. Name the three catagories used to classify them. 39 What are Monotremes (egg laying), Marsupials (complete development in a pouch outside the womb), & Placental mammals (eutherians, complete development in the uterus)? 40 Categories used classify and identify living organisms. 41 What are Taxa; Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species. 42 Thermoregulation refers to how animals maintain their internal temperature. Animals are placed into two catagories. 43 What are endotherms (warmed by metabolism) and Ectotherms (gain heat from external sources)? 44 The four main stages of food processing. 45 What are ingestion (food intake), digestion (breaking down of food), absorption (uptake of nutrients), and elimination (removal of undigested material from the digestive tract)? 46 Antimicrobial proteins help fight off infection. This protein defends against viral infections? 47 What is interferon? 48 The study of animal behavior. 49 What is ethology? 50 Behaviors that are developmentally fixed, they are not learned. 51 What are innate behaviors? 52 A simple change in activity in response to stimulus. 53 What is kinesis? 54 Rhythms that occur on a daily cycle. 55 What are Circadian rhythms? 56 57 Mating systems vary between species. These are the various systems. 58 What are promiscuous (no strong pair bonds), monogamous (one male one female), and polygamous (one individual mating with several others)? 59 The ability of many animals to associate one feature of their environment with another feature. 60 What is associative learning? 61 This type of conditioning occurs as an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment. 62 What is operant conditioning ? 63 Chemical signals that are emitted by members of one species that affect other members of he species. 64 What are phermones? 65 When animals reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population. 66 What is Altruism? 67 Catabolic pathways release energy by oxidizing organic fuels. Two types of catabolism are: 68 What are fermentation and cellular respiration? 69 70 71 Meiosis 72 Genetic Disorders 73 Genes 74 Sex-Linked 75 Mutations 76 Human Genetics 77 Genetic Ratios Genetic Disorders Genes Sexlinked Mutations Human Genetics $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $1000$1000$1000$1000$1000$1000 78 These cells contain 22 autosomes and a single sex chromosome. 79 What is a haploid cell? 80 The final number daughter cells after meiosis. 81 What is 4? 82 Synapsis forming tetrads that undergo crossing over to increase genetic variation and form chiasmata occurs during this stage of Meiosis I. 83 What is Prophase I? 84 Two or more genes have an additive effect on a single character in the phenotype E.G. skin color or height in humans. 85 What is polygenic inheritance? 86 The property of a gene that causes it to have multiple phenotypic effects. E.G. sickle-cell disease has multiple symptoms all due to a single defective gene. 87 What is Pleiotropy? 88 Family record showing the inheritance of a trait over several generations 89 What is a pedigree? 90 Type of mutation that causes death, often before birth 91 What is a lethal mutation? 92 Genetic disorder that produces a defective form of hemoglobin 93 What is sickle cell anemia? 94 Chromosome mutation resulting in Down Syndrome 95 What is nondisjunction? 96 Genetic disorder in which the body can not metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine 97 What is PKU? 98 Alternate forms of a Gene 99 What are alleles? 100 Genes are carried on these 101 What are chromosomes? 102 Shows the linear sequence of genes on a chromosome 103 What is a chromosome map? 104 Gene mutation involving a single nucleotide 105 What is a point mutation? 106 Genes found on the same chromosome are said to be this 107 What is linked? 108 Genotype for males 109 What is XY? 110 Sex chromosome that carries the most genes 111 What is the X chromosome? 112 X-linked disease usually in males that impairs the ability of blood to clot 113 What is hemophilia? 114 Females that do not express a trait but can pass the trait on to their offspring 115 What are carriers? 116 The presence of male or female hormones affects these traits 117 What are sexinfluenced traits? 118 A mutation may take place in any of these 119 What is a cell? 120 Mutations that aren’t passed on to offspring 121 What are somatic mutations? 122 Organisms with these have a better chance of reproducing 123 What is a beneficial mutation? 124 Loss of a piece of a chromosome due to chromosomal breakage 125 What is a deletion? 126 127 Condition in which a zygote has only 45 chromosomes 128 What is monosomy? 129 Trait controlled by two or more genes such as eye or skin color 130 What is a polygenic trait? 131 Genetic disorder found in European Jews in which the nervous system of infants deteriorates 132 What is Tay-Sachs disease? 133 Genetic disorder carried on the X chromosome resulting in the wasting away of muscles 134 What is muscular dystrophy? 135 XXY chromosomes in a male 136 What is Klinefelter’s syndrome? 137 Screening for this disorder is performed immediately after birth in the United States 138 What is PKU? 139 Final Jeopardy 140 This type of dominance occurs when heterozygous individuals & dominant homozygous individuals are indistinguishable in phenotype 141 What is complete dominance? 142