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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Common properties of organic compounds •Carbon-based molecules are called organic compounds •Contain Carbon( C ), Hydrogen(H) and Oxygen ( O ) elements (hydrocarbonsH-C) also can have N,P,S. •Can be produced by living organisms •They can give energy •Have complex and longer structure – Make up living structure • Organic molecules contain very large molecules – They are often called macromolecules because of their large size – They are also called polymers because they are made from identical building blocks strung together – The building blocks are called monomers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. How are polymers formed? • Monomers are linked together to form polymers through dehydration reactions, which remove water • Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis, the addition of water • All biological reactions are mediated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. HYDROLYSIS • Polymers are broken down into monomers(building blocks) by hydrolysis reaction. ATP is not used. Polymer + H2O monomer+monomer+…… In hydrolysis water is used DEHYDRATION • Monomers form polymers by dehydration reaction. ATP is used. Monomer+monomer+monomer…… Polymer+ H2O In dehydration water is formed Short polymer …………….. reaction Longer polymer Unlinked monomer …………… reaction Polymers Can’t pass through membrane, they should be hydrolyzed to their monomers!! Number of water Number of bonds that Number of small = molecules used are broken down = molecules formed - 1 (n) In hydrolysis polymers are broken down by using water. In Dehydration monomers form polymers by forming water. Number of water Number of bonds that Number of small molecules formed are formed molecules used - 1 = = (n) If you want to form a large molecule from 19 small units, how many bonds occur? How many water? If you use 10 water molecule to breakdown a polymer, how many monomers can form? • C6H12O6+6O2 6CO2+6H2O • CO2+6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2 Energy source: Carbohydrates, lipids Structural: protein, lipid Regulatory: Protein, vitamins Control: nucleic acids Usage for energy source Carbohydrates> Lipids > Proteins Amount of energy Lipids > Proteins > Carbohydrates Structural importance Proteins > Lipids > Carbohydrates 1. Carbohydrates • Monomer = Monosaccharides (CH2O)n • Functions 1) Short Term Energy = Monosaccharides 2) Long Term Energy = Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) 3) Structure = *Cellulose (plant cell walls) *Chitin (animal exoskeletons) *DNA,RNA,ATP (deoxyribose and ribose sugar) *Cell membrane Kinds of Carbohydrates : • It can be divided into three major groups according to their monomer number: Kinds of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Smallest units of carbohydrates Formed by the 2 monosaccharides Glucoside bond is formed. Formed by the dehydration of many glucoses. They can’t be hydrolyzed (broken down) Glucose+glucose→maltose+ H2O All have same monosaccharide but their structures are different. Soluble in water Glucose+fructose →sucrose+H2O Easily pass from cell membrane Galactose>Glucose>fructose Trioses-Carry 3 carbons Pentoses- carry 5 carbons. Found in DNA-deoxyribose RNA, ATP- ribose Hexoses- carry 6 carbons C6H12O6 general formula Glucose- grape sugar. found in all cells but produced only in autotrophs Fructose- fruit sugar. Only found in plant cells Galactose- milk sugar. Only found in animal cells. Maltose-Only found in plant cells. Fructose- Only found in plant cells Glucose+galactose →lactose+H2O Lactose- Only found in animal cells Starch- Storage carbohydrate only in plants. Stored in leucoplast in plant cells. Insoluble in water. GlycogenStorage carbohydrate in animal cells. Stored in muscle and liver. It can be found in fungi and bacteria.(not in plants) CelluloseStructural carbohydrate in plants. Found in cell wall. Not hydrolyzed in animal digestive system. Chitin- Structural carbohydrate in some animals and fungi. Found in the exoskeleton of the insects. Contains N. HOMEWORK • • • • • • Who ? What is the function? How its structure? Why is it needed? Where is it found? When is it found? A ) MONOSACCHARIDES ( Single sugars ) : • Function: Some are energy source and some are in structure. Structure: They are the monomers of carbohydrates.(CH2O)n. Can’t be digested. (hydrolyzed) • The most common monosaccharides : A. Pentoses ( C5H10O5 ): Ribose in RNA, ATP Deoxyribose in DNA B. Hexoses ( C6H12O6 ) :Glucose(blood-grape sugar) Fructose(fruit sugar) Galactose(milk sugar) Glucose, fructose and galactose have the same formula but different structural forms and different properties . So they are isomers . Fructose and galactose can be converted to glucose in liver. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in liver and muscle cells. Glucose (an aldose) Fructose (a ketose) Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates – Can not be hydrolysed into smaller units (because they are monomers). Pass easily from the membranes. – Diffusion rate Galactose >Glucose > Fructose • Glucose- grape sugar. found in all cells but produced only in autotrophs . In blood 70 -110 mg /100 ml • Fructose- fruit sugar. Only found in plant cells. • Galactose- milk sugar. Only found in animal cells. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Disaccharides C12 H22 O11 • Function: Some are energy source and some are in structure. • Structure: Two monosaccharides (monomers) can bond to form a disaccharide in a dehydration reaction • Have one glycoside bond between monomers. Animation: Disaccharides Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Glucose Glucose Glycoside bond Maltose • Maltose ( Malt sugar-plants ) : • Glucose + Glucose Maltose + H2O • Sucrose ( Table sugar-plants ) : • Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H2O • Lactose ( Milk sugar-animals ) : • Glucose + Galactose Lactose + H2O What is the formula of a lactose???? • If we breakdown 5 lactose molecules • a. How many bonds are broken b. How many monomers are formed? c. By using monomers, how many maltose molecules can be formed? Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units • Function: in storage of energy and structure of some cells • Structure: Formed by the dehydration of many glucoses. • All have same monosaccharide but their structures are different.They have many glycoside bonds. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units • Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants • Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed (in animals,fungi,bacteria) • Cellulose is a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls. structural • Chitin is a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton (have N) and also in fungi cell walls. structural Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glycogen granules in muscle tissue STARCH Glucose monomer GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Cellulose fibrils in a plant cell wall Hydrogen bonds Cellulose molecules All have same monomer but different polymer structure! Because of monomer number, type of bonding • Classify the reactions below: – Formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose ……………………… – Synthesis of starch from glucose ………………………..……… – Breakdown of maltose to form glucose ……………………………….. • If a starch molecule that can be broken down by using 125 water molecules, is hydrolysed completely and the glucose molecules formed are used in the synthesis of maltose. How many maltose molecules can be formed? • If 5 sucrose molecules are broken down, a. how many bonds will be broken down? b. How many monomers will form? c. By using these monomers, how many maltose molecules can be formed? • Insulin is a hormone that decreases blood sugar , by making glycogen from glucose and stores in liver. • Insulin resistance occurs when the body becomes less sensitive to insulin. Insulin resistance occurs when insulin levels are sufficiently high over a prolonged period of time causing the body’s own sensitivity to the hormone to be reduced. • Once the body starts to get resistant to insulin, it can be a difficult process to reverse because the knock on effect of insulin resistance. • Higher circulating levels of insulin in the blood stream and weight gain help to further advance insulin resistance. Diets high in saturated fats, trans-fats, refined carbohydrates and processed foods have been closely linked with chronic inflammation disorders and insulin resistance. 2. Lipids • Functions 1) Long Term Energy = Triglycerides 2) Cell Membranes = Phospholipids(structure) and glycolipids(recognition) 3) Other Functions = Insulation, Hormones, and Water Repellants • Structure: Their monomers = 3Fatty Acids & 1Glycerol • Have esther bonds between FA and Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acid • Fatty acids link to glycerol by a dehydration reaction – A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids – Fats are often called triglycerides because of their structure – Lipids give more energy than carbohydrates and proteins because they have more H atoms. Animation: Fats Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. • Some fatty acid types can not be produced by each organism. We can not produce omega 3 and 6 fatty acid. These types of fatty acids are known as essential fatty acids. • If we want to form 6 molecules of lipid, How many monomers should we use? Give their exact names and numbers. • We breakdown 30 esther bonds in lipid molecules. Howmany monomers do they have ? (give their exact name and number) Classified according to their fatty acids as saturated and unsaturated. Lipids with saturated fatty acids Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids Solid at room temp. Liquid at room temp. C are filled with max. H atoms Found in animal cells C have double bonds that are not filled with max. H atoms C have single bonds Found mostly in plant cells TYPES OF IMPORTANT LIPIDS a. Phospholipids are structurally similar to fats and are an important component of cell membrane. – The hydrophilic heads (glycerol) are in contact with the water of the environment and the internal part of the cell – The hydrophobic tails(fatty acid) band in the center of the bilayer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Hydrophilic heads Water Hydrophobic tails Water Organic Molecules ; • Direction according to usage ............ –............ – ............. • Direction according to energy amount ............ – ............- ............... • Direction according to structural material .............. - ........... – ............. b. Steroids are lipids composed of fused ring structures (not glycerol and fatty acids) and can not be broken down – Cholesterol is an example of a steroid that plays a significant role in the structure of the cell membrane – In addition, cholesterol is the compound from which we synthesize sex hormones – Structure is similar to ADEK vitamins Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. c.Triglycerides: Storage type of lipids. Composed of 3 fatty acid and 1 glycerol. d. Glycolipids: structural lipids that are found in cell membranes. They function in recognition of molecules. 3.10 CONNECTION: Anabolic steroids pose health risks • Anabolic steroids are abused by some athletes with serious consequences, including – – – – – – violent mood swings, depression, liver damage, cancer, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Proteins • • Functions 1) Chemical: Enzymes 2) Cell membrane: Cell Transport, Recognition as receptor , and Cohesion 3) Other Functions = Structure in muscle, Movement, Pigmentation, Hormones, Defense, transport Monomer = Amino Acids( there are 20 aa. in nature) A protein is a polymer built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers Amino group Carboxyl group Amino acid Carboxyl group Amino group Amino acid Peptide bond Dehydration reaction Dipeptide • Peptide bonds form between …………….. groups and …………… groups of aminoacids. a. Carboxyl, amino b. amino, amino c. Amino, radical d. radical, carboxyl e. Carboxyl, carboxyl • There are 20 different types of amino acids in living things , but there are many more types of proteins because : • Number of amino acids • Types of amino acids • Sequence of amino acids can be different A B Protein 1 A C Protein 2 D C D Protein 3 A • Protein sytnthesis is controlled by genes(DNA). So everyone has different kinds of proteins. Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes. • Essential amino acids. • Some amino acid types can not be produced by each organism. These types of amino acids are known as essential aa’s. 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.13AD_s4 Four Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure Amino acids Amino acids Secondary structure Hydrogen bond Beta pleated sheet Alpha helix Tertiary structure Transthyretin polypeptide Quaternary structure A protein can have four levels of structure: Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptides • If a protein’s shape is altered, it can no longer function. • Proteins can be denatured by changes in salt concentration, pH, or by high heat. (denaturation) They are added to cell structure • Lipid + Protein Lipoprotein + H2O • Phosphate+Protein Phosphoprotein+H2O • Carbohydrate+Protein Glycoprotein+H2O • Proteins , glycoproteins and lipoproteins are building materials of cell membrane • The graphic shows the changes in the amount of amino acids that are used during protein synthesis. 30 amino acids Time Which of them is/are true? a. the number of the peptide bonds are 29 b. the amount of water formed by the dehydration of this protein is 28 c. by using this protein 15 dipeptides can be formed • Amino group of aminoacids can form ammonia and urea which are toxic for body. They are thrown out by excretion.