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Transcript
Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Objectives • Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. • Summarize the process of transcription. • Relate the role of codons to the sequence of amino acids that results after translation. • Outline the major steps of translation. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Structure of a Nucleotide Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. DNA Abbreviation stands for… # of strands RNA deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid double strand single strand Type of sugar deoxyribose ribose 4 nitrogen base present adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Pairing Between Bases • base-pairing rules in DNA – adenine always pairs with a thymine – guanine always pairs with a cytosine complementary – The strictness of base-pairing results in two strands that contain complementary base pairs. • base-pairing rules in RNA – adenine always pairs with a uracil – guanine always pairs with a cytosine Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA; a single stranded RNA molecule that contains the codon information to make a protein rRNA – ribosomal RNA; RNA molecules that make up the ribosome protein factories tRNA – transfer RNA; single strand of RNA that contains the anticodon and temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 From Genes to Proteins Types of RNA Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 From Genes to Proteins Codons in mRNA Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 From Genes to Proteins Ribosomes Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Section 1 From Genes to Proteins tRNA and Anticodon Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Listing of 20 amino acids Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Codes in mRNA possible codon combos: 4 x __ 4 x __ 4 = 64 __ 1. CGG 2. UAU 3. AUG 4. UGA methionine codon = made up of triplets Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • transcription the instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an messenger RNA molecule DNA mRNA • translation portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in protein chains mRNA protein Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. • gene expression the entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in DNA. aka protein synthesis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Transfer of Information from DNA to RNA • transcription 1st step in the making of a protein – takes the information found in a gene in the DNA and transfers it to a molecule of RNA. – transcribe DNA into mRNA • RNA polymerase an enzyme that adds and links complementary RNA nucleotides during transcription, is required. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. C G U A Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Snapshot of Translation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mutations Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mutations • gene rearrangements mutations that move an entire gene to a new location – Changes in a gene’s position often disrupt the gene’s function because the gene is exposed to new regulatory controls in its new location. • Genes sometimes move as part of a transposon. Other times, the portion of the chromosome containing a gene may be rearranged during meiosis. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. gene rearrangements mutations that move an entire gene to a new location • aka chromosome mutation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mutations • Mutations that change a gene gene alterations. 1. point mutation a single nucleotide changes. A. missense point mutation B. silent point mutation C. nonsense mutation 2. frameshift mutation reading frame of codon changes or “shift” A. insertion frameshift mutation B. deletion frameshift mutation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. missense point mutation occurs when one nitrogen base is substituted for another nitrogen base causing a different amino acid than previously to occur in the protein sequence. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. silent point mutation Happens when one base in a codon is changed but both code for the same amino acid. Silent b/c there are more than one codon for each amino acid. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. nonsense point mutation A base mutation that creates a new stop codon in place of an amino acid causing a premature stopping of translation Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Mutations • Because the genetic message is read as a series of triplet nucleotides, insertions and deletions of one or two nucleotides can upset the triplet groupings. • frameshift mutation A mutation that causes a gene to be read in the wrong three-nucleotide sequence delete cysteine - valine methionine - cysteine Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Insertion frameshift mutation shifts the reading frame to the right. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Deletion frameshift mutation shifts the reading frame to the left. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Major Types of Mutations Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Types of Gene Mutations Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.