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Transcript
CHAPTER 4 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy The Big Picture EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6CO2 + Carbon Dioxide 6H2O + LIGHT Water C6H12O6 Glucose + 6O2 Oxygen EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 Glucose + 6O2 Oxygen 6CO2 + Carbon Dioxide 6H2O Water + ENERGY ATP Metabolism The sum of all the chemical processes occurring in an organism at one time Management of material and energy resources within the cell Catabolic – break down big molecules into smaller ones Anabolic – build larger molecules from smaller components The Big Picture Important points to remember: Energy enters the food chain through autotrophs Heterotrophs must take in energy from organic sources Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats do not come to us the way our cells can use them. So…how do organisms change the food into energy to fuel their bodies? Cellular Respiration How do we get from THIS To THIS ATP • Energy molecule used to shuttle energy between catabolic and anabolic reactions • Energy is released from ATP through the loss of phosphate groups Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What is Cellular Respiration? Cellular Respiration = making ATP through the breakdown of foods • Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Fermentation Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • Glycolysis and Anaerobic Respiration occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell • Aerobic Respiration takes place in the Mitochondria Overview of Cellular Respiration Glucose Glycolysis All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into these stages: Pyruvic Acid Oxygen Aerobic Krebs Cycle ETS No Oxygen Anaerobic Fermentation • Lactic Acid • Alcohol Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Three Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H1206 + 6O26CO2 +6H20 + ENERGY • • • Glycolysis in cytoplasm Kreb’s cycle in mitochondrial matrix Electron Transport Chain at inner membrane of mitochondria Glycolysis • This part of cellular respiration takes place in the cell cytoplasm • Each Glucose molecule gets converted into 2 pyruvate molecules • Energy requiring and energy releasing steps • Energy net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADH • Enzymes help along the way Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Krebs Cycle • Each pyruvate (carbohydrate) molecule is completely oxidized into carbon dioxide • Energy released from these reactions results in the formation of 1 ATP molecule and 3 NADH molecules Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Collectively, 2 ATP and 6 NADH are made from the 2 pyruvates. NADH will be used in the electron transport chain. Electron Transport Chain • The loss of electrons from NADH result in the addition of energy to protein pumps in the membrane • H+ is moved from the inside to the outside of the inner membrane • A gradient of H+ is created Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What Carries the Electrons? • NAD+ (nicotinadenine di-nucleotide) acts as the energy carrier Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • NAD+ is a coenzyme • It is reduced to NADH when it picks up two electrons and one hydrogen ion Electron Transport Chain • ATP is made as H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix of the mitochondria by a different protein (ATP synthase). • The energy released by the “rush” of H+ is used by this enzyme to make ATP (kind of like a rush of water in a stream being used to turn a water wheel). Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Little Krebs Cycle History • Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937. • He received the Nobel Prize in physiology medicine in 1953 for his discovery. • Forced to leave Germany prior to WWII because he was Jewish. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Why do we need Oxygen? • Oxygen is required by any organism that has mitochondria because it is used to keep the Electron Transport Chain running • Oxygen pulls electrons from the chain and combines with 2 H+ to form H20 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Electron Transport Chain Animation Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of the Mitochondria • Organelle with an outer This organelle produces the and inner membrane • The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria – space bordered by the inner membrane • Electron Transport Chain takes place across the inner membrane – between the matrix and intermembrane space Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings majority of ATP for the cell. Ultimately, aerobic respiration produces about 36 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adding Up the ATP from Cellular Respiration Cytosol Mitochondrion Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2 AcetylCoA Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Maximum per glucose: by direct synthesis by direct synthesis by ATP synthase Figure 6.14 Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy yield from complete oxidation of glucose by aerobic respiration Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings THE END Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings