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Transcript
Unit I: Metabolism Food Utilization Chapter 22 Nutrition provides raw materials. Metabolism provides chemical change of the nutrients. Body Weight • Energy balance – homeostatic set point • Environmental and hereditary factors Gut-Brain Peptides Appetite regulators – short term CCK – stop eating Peptide YY - satiety Ghrelin - hunger – long term Leptin – levels proportional to fat stores insulin – index of body fat Hypothalamus 2 neural networks: • Receptors for gut-brain peptides that regulate release of: 1. Neuropeptide Y 2. Melanocortin Appetite Regulation Other Factors in Appetite Regulation • Briefly satisfied by: – chewing – swallowing – stomach filling • Gastric Peristalsis • Neurotransmitters – norepinephrine – carbohydrates – galanin – fats – endorphins – protein Calories • One calorie - amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 °C • Fats contain about 9 kcal/g • Carbohydrates and proteins, about 4 kcal/g – sugar and alcohol are “empty” calories Activity • Fuel The MyPyramid.gov Steps to a Healthier You GRAINS Make half your grains whole VEGETABLES Vary your veggies FRUITS Focus on fruits O MEAT & BEANS MILK I Go lean with proteins Get your calcium-rich foods L Nutrients • Ingested chemical used for growth, repair or maintenance • Macronutrients • Micronutrients • Recommended daily allowances (RDA) – safe estimate of daily intake for standard needs • Essential nutrients can not be synthesized – minerals, vitamins, 8 amino acids and 1-3 fatty acids Glycogen Metabolism • Glycolysis • Glycogenesis -– stimulated by insulin – average adult contains 440 g • Glycogenolysis -– only liver cells can release glucose back into blood • Gluconeogenesis – • Require 125 – 175 grams/day Lipids CYTOSOL • Triglycerides are stored in adipocytes Steroids Triglycerides Glucose • Lipogenesis -Glycerol Cholesterol • Lipolysis – Prostaglandins Fatty acids Pyruvate Phospholipids Glycolipids • Require 80 – 100 grams/day CO2 Coenzyme A ADP ATP Acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle MITOCHONDRIA Proteins • Amino acid pool – May be used to synthesize new proteins – As fuel • Require 44 – 60 grams/day Other Nutrient Classes • Water – require 2.5 liters/day • Minerals – require 0.05 – 3,300 mg/day • Vitamins – require 0.002 – 60 mg/day Vitamins • Fat-Soluble – vitamins A, D3, E, and K – hypervitaminosis • Water-Soluble – vitamins B & C – coenzymes – avitaminosis Disorders • Eating Disorders – anorexia – lack of appetite – Bulimia – “eating binge” • Obesity – 20% over ideal weight • Protein Deficiency disease – Kwashiorkor deficient in essential amino acids Absorptive State Insulin LIPIDS Triglycerides Insulin Lipid levels elevated Fatty acids Glycerol • 4 hours during and after a meal • Regulated by insulin KEY = Catabolic pathway Glucose levels elevated = Anabolic pathway = Stimulatio CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS Glycogen Proteins Insulin Glucose G l Insulin Androgens y Estrogens c ATP Growth hormone o Amino acids l Amino acids elevated y s Insulin i s Pyruvate CO2 Insulin Acetyl-CoA Citric acid Coenzymes ETS cycle MITOCHONDRIA CO2 ATP O2 H2O O2 KEY = Catabolic pathway Glucose levels decreased For use primarily by neural tissues. Postabsorptive State = Anabolic pathway Glucose released by the liver LIPIDS Triglycerides PROTEINS Proteins Glucagon Epinephrine Lipid levels decreased Glucose Absorbed by other tissues. Fatty acids released by adipocytes CARBOHYDRATES Glycogen = Stimulation G l u c o n e o g e n e s I s Glucagon, Epinephrine, Growth hormone Fatty acids Glycerol ATP Homeostasis of blood glucose critical to brain Amino acids released by the liver Amino acids Glucagon Growth hormone Pyruvate CO2 ATP Acetyl-CoA Various hormones trigger glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis Amino acid levels decreased Glucocorticoid Citric Coenzymes acid cycle Ketone bodies ETS O2 MITOCHONDRIA H2O CO2 O2 Metabolic Rate • Amount of energy used in the body in a given period of time (kcal/hr or kcal/day) – measured directly in calorimeter – measured indirectly by a spirometer 1 L O2 = 4.82 Cal/L 1000 Calories per hour • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) – adult male BMR is 2,000 kcal/day 800 Estimated Calories expended by a 70-kg individual 600 400 200 • Total metabolic rate (TMR) 0 Resting Slow walking Speed walking Climbing stairs Jogging Competitive swimming Exam 1 Chapters 21 & 22 • Multiple Choice • Fill in the blank • Matching •Short answer • True/False Spelling counts! 3x5 notecard