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Transcript
1 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 Introducing proteins Proteins are a diverse group of large and complex polymer molecules, made up of long chains of amino acids. They have a wide range of biological roles, including: structural: proteins are the main component of body tissues, such as muscle, skin, ligaments and hair catalytic: all enzymes are proteins, catalyzing many biochemical reactions signalling: many hormones and receptors are proteins immunological: all antibodies are proteins. 2 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 The general structure of amino acids All amino acids have the same general structure: the only difference between each one is the nature of the R group. So the R group defines an amino acid. amino group carboxylic acid group R group The R group represents a side chain from the central “alpha” carbon atom, and can be anything from a simple hydrogen atom to a more complex ring structure. 3 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 The 20 naturally occurring amino acids 4 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 Peptide bonds and dipeptides 5 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 Polypeptides When more amino acids are added to a dipeptide, a polypeptide chain is formed. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded into a highly specific 3D shape. There are up to four levels of structure in a protein: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Each of these play an important role in the overall structure and function of the protein. 6 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 The structure of proteins 7 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011 Protein structure 8 of 8 © Boardworks Ltd 2011