Download Enzymes

Organization: The 6 Essential
Elements
Unit 4
Flashcard Warm-up
Buffer
A chemical that is
resistant to change in
pH. These chemicals
help regulate the pH
in living things and
maintain
homeostasis.
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Macromolecules
“giant molecules” made
of hundreds to
thousands of smaller
molecules
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Essential Life Elements - Inorganic
Inorganic: Carbon is NOT present
Water = H2O
60-90% of all living
organisms are made of
water.
Salts = often donate trace elements and
influence the environment of the cell
Na+ Cl-
C
pH ScaleAcid: pH range 0-6.9; H+ ions form in a
solution
Base: pH range 8-14; OH- ions form in a
solution
Buffers
 Maintain homeostasis by regulating the pH
within a living organism.
These are
examples of
artificial “buffers”
we use
We have buffers in
our blood to keep
the pH regulated in
a narrow range of
7.35-7.45
Buffers Regulate pH
Not enough
hydrogen?
Here’s
another H
atom!
Buffers can
donate hydrogen
Too much
hydrogen?
I’ll hold a
hydrogen
atom!
Ahhhhh – just the right
Buffers can
pH!
accept hydrogen.
Ticket out the Door
1. Salt water has a pH between 7.5-8.4 is this
considered an acid, base or neutral substance?
2. Sally has been exercising in excess and there is a
increase of lactic acid in her blood which is causing a
decrease in pH. How will the buffers found in
Sally’s blood respond?
3. True or False – If you answer false correct the
statement to make it true.
Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.
Flashcard Warm-up
Subunit
A large object can be made of many smaller parts called
subunits.
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Mono & Poly
Prefixes that mean “one” and “many”
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Organic
 Organic compounds must contain Carbon
and the presence of Hydrogen; Oxygen
may also be present
 Examples: CH4 = Methane
C6H12O6 = Glucose
CO2 = Inorganic
The “Core Four” Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
 Proteins
Organic Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
 Elements: (CHO)
 Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
 Monomer (subunit) =
Monosaccharides (glucose)
 Many monosaccaharides
make up a carbohydrate
Functions of Carbohydrates:
 Provide energy through
Cellular Respiration
 Structure and support
in the cell and body
 Carbohydrate chains on
surface act like name
tags for cells
Polysaccharides:
 In plants STARCH is formed from many
monosaccharides bonded together
 In animals GLYCOGEN is excess glucose bonded
together (similar to starch)
 CELLULOSE makes up the plant cell wall
Examples:
 Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar
 Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar
 Starch – polysaccharide - corn
Organic Macromolecules
Lipids
 Elements:
 Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen
 Subunit:
 glycerol and fatty acids
 Triglyceride = 1 glycerol
and 3 fatty acids
Lipids
 Functions of lipids
 Long term energy source
 Ex. Bears accumulate a layer of fat
before winter (when food will be
less available)
 Insulation and protection for
internal organs.
 Some hormones are composed of
lipids (steroids).
Lipids
 Examples:
 Saturated – solid at room temp.
 Bacon fat, butter
 Unsaturated – liquid at room temp.
 Olive oil, vegetable oil
 Phospholipids – make up cell membrane
Ticket out the Door
1. Decide whether the following compounds are
considered organic or inorganic.
H2O
C12H22O11
2. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in
animals.
3. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in plants.
4. List two functions of a Lipid.
Flashcard Warm-up
Monosaccharide
Protein
Made of amino acids and
perform many functions
The subunit of a
for living things. For
carbohydrate. Ex. glucose
instance they build certain
parts of organisms (hair,
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nails, muscle) and they can
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be enzymes, which speed
up reaction rates.
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Nucleic Acids
 Elements: C, H, O, N, and P
 Monomer (subunit): Nucleotide
Functions of Nucleic Acids:
 DNA makes up
genes which
determine our traits
through the
synthesis of proteins
 RNA helps produce
proteins
Examples of Nucleic Acids
 DNA – double strand
of nucleotides
 RNA – single strand
of nucleotides
Protein
 Elements: CHNOPS
 Monomer (subunit): Amino Acids
Function of Proteins
 Proteins function is determined by shape.
Responsible for structural parts, transport,
communication, antibodies, pigments, and
enzymes
Examples of Proteins
 Chlorophyll pigment that
absorbs light in plants
 Hemoglobin transports
oxygen
 Hormones used for
communication
 Keratin found in hair and
nails
Ticket out the Door
1. What are the three substances that make up a
nucleotide?
2. List one function of Nucleic Acids.
3. What is the monomer of a protein?
4. The protein hemoglobin is a major component of a
red blood cell and transports O2 throughout the body.
If the shape of hemoglobin were to change what type
of consequences would this cause?
Flashcard Warm-up
Enzyme
Substrate
A protein that is a biological
A reaction starts with the
catalyst and speeds up
substrate. During the
chemical reactions. An enzyme
reaction, it is changed
is shaped to fit with only one
and becomes the
specific substrate. Three factors
products.
can affect enzymes:
temperature, pH, and salinity.
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Enzymes
 Characteristics:
 Shape Specific =
only work on
specific reactions
 Biological Catalysts
= speed up
reactions
 Reusable =will
repeat its role
Enzymes
 Functions
 Lowers Activation
Energy (energy
needed to start a
reaction)
 Maintain
homeostasis by
catalyzing
(speeding up)
chemical reactions
Enzymes (Include in margin)
 Denature:
Enzyme
changes shape
and will not
function; can be
caused by
salinity, temp,
pH.
Synthesis Reaction
Substrate 1
+
Enzyme
Substrate 2
+
Product
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Enzyme
Decomposition Reaction
Substrate
Product 1
+
Enzyme
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Product 2
Indicators: chemicals or tools that
indicate a substance is present by
changing color.
 pH paper: test presence of
acid or base
 Iodine: solution that
changes from a brown to
blue or black in the
presence of starch (a
carbohydrate)
Indicators
 Benedicts: Tests for presence
of glucose (simple sugar);
color change from a blue to
yellow or red
 Biuret: Tests for the presence
of a protein; color change
from blue to pink-purple
 Brown Paper bag test: Tests
for presence of lipids; bag get
translucent.
Ticket out the Door
1. Enzymes are a type of which organic molecule?
2. How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
3. If a protein becomes denatured, What does this
mean?
4. What type of organic molecule does the Iodine test
for?