Download Lipids - Cloudfront.net

Lipids
What do you mean I’m fat!?
Lipids – chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and some
Oxygen that is insoluble in water. (doesn’t
dissolve)
Lipids can be used to:
-Store energy (some fats store energy)
- make up components of cell membranes
Lipids are fats & oils made up of fatty acids
I. There are 3 types of Fatty Acids:
1. Saturated fatty acids
2. Phospholipids
3. Unsaturated fat (includes polyunsaturated)
First, what exactly is a Fatty Acid?
A chain of Carbon atoms “saturated” with
Hydrogen atoms.
-It has a “head” or Carboxyl group (COOH-)
-It has a “tail” or the Carbon chain
The “head” end loves water and is given the
name HYDROPHILLIC
The “tail” end is scared of water and is given
the name HYDROPHOBIC
You will see why this is so important when we talk about
Phospholipids.
1.Saturated Fatty Acids
- found in butter, lard, and grease from
cooked meats
- Is solid at room temperature
Saturated Fatty Acids
-because the fatty acid has 3 fatty acid
chains, it is called a TRIGLYCERIDE Bad
fats
- the 3 fatty acid chains are joined together
by a glycerol molecule. The Carbons are joined
together by a single bond.
2. Phospholipids
A lipid with 2 fatty acid chains attached to
the glycerol head is called a PHOSPHOLIPID
(because it also has phosphorous in it)
This is like the “shorthand way to draw it
Hydrophilic
“head”
Hydrophobic
“tails”
Cell membranes are composed of 2 layers of
Phospholipids. This is what makes our cells
almost waterproof.
Water outside
Cell
Outer Layer
Inner Layer
Water inside Cell
3. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
-found in plant oils (olive oil, corn oil, some fish
oils)
-are liquid at room temperature
-Is almost the same as a saturated fatty acid,
BUT! *Some of the carbons have double bonds
-This causes a “kink” in the carbon chain and
makes the molecule bend.
If the Unsaturated fatty acid has only 1
double bond in the chain, it is called:
Unsaturated
If the Unsaturated fatty acid has more than 1
double bond in the chain, it is called:
Polyunsaturated
Remember, the fatty acid chains are held
together by a glycerol molecule.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
Use your flow chart for this…
LIPIDS
Monomer: =
Polymer: =
Fatty acid & Glycerol
Does not form Polymers
Macromolecule: =
Function: =
Fats, Phospholipids
Stored Energy, used for cell membrane
NUCLEIC ACIDS
There are two types of Nucleic Acid
DNA & RNA
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid – is needed for
all cell activity including cell division
It is your genetic information
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid – transfers
information that is essential in
manufacturing proteins
Nucleic acids are composed of:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorous.
The “monomers” of Nucleic acids are called:
“Nucleotides”
A DNA nucleotide is made up of 3 things…
1. A Phosphate group
2. A Sugar (5 Carbon ring) Deoxyribose (DNA)
3. A Nitrogen group
We’ll go into greater detail later in the year
RNA is very similar to DNA is that it
is composed of nucleotides:
The main difference is the sugar Ribose.
Ribose
sugar
DNA is double
stranded which
means it has 2
nucleotides
connected by their
nitrogen bases.
U
U
RNA is single
stranded which
means it has
nucleotides on one
side only.
Use your flow chart for this…
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Monomer: =
Polymer: =
Nucleotide
DNA, RNA
Macromolecule: =
Function: =
DNA, RNA
Encodes genes, Gene expression
PROTEINS
Composed of:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Proteins are polymers with monomers called:
AMINO ACIDS (sometimes called Peptide)
Our body makes proteins, and we also eat the
protein made by other animals like steak,
chicken, pork and other meats.
So a chain of Amino Acids make up a protein.
Proteins can:
-Control the rate of reactions
(Ex. Enzymes)
- Regulate cell processes
-Forms bones and muscles
(Ex. Actin & Myosin)
-Transport substances in and out of cells
(Ex: Hemoglobin)
- Help fight diseases
The AMINO ACIDS are the secrets to a
Protein
- there are only 20 different Amino Acids
-Proteins are just chains of amino acids put
together.
-When proteins are bonded together, it is
called a Peptide Bond
*AMINO ACID*
A Amino Acid consists of 4 parts
DRAW THIS!!!
A Variable group
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
NH2
COOH-
A Hydrogen
What the heck is a Variable group?
If all the Amino Acids were the same…how
come we have 20 different types?
The Variable group is the difference for each
amino acid (kind of like a fingerprint)
- The amino group covalently joins with the
COOH group.
- This allows you to make long chains of amino
acids easily.
-When proteins are bonded together, it is
called a Peptide Bond
-Two Amino acids bonded together, it is called
a Dipeptide
- The function of each protein depends on
specific sequence of amino acids.
Parts of certain proteins fold over to form
specific structures.
1. A long chain of amino acids makes up the
Primary Structure
2. Portions of particular sequence of proteins
coil (Alpha Helix), while others fold into (Beta
pleated sheets) structures joined by hydrogen
bonds. This is known as the Secondary
Structure.
3. Interactions between the alpha helix and
the beta pleated sheets (hydrogen bonds)
cause the protein to form a tight 3-D
structure called a Tertiary Structure
At this stage some proteins are complete.
4. Some proteins have other folded amino acid
chains, (sub-unit proteins) join with the
tertiary to form even a larger protein called a
Quaternary Protein Structure.
Protein Denaturation
- a change in pH, salt [ ], temperature, or
other alterations that cause a protein to
unravel and lose conformation
Biologically inactive
Use your flow chart for this…
PROTEINS
Monomer: =
Polymer: =
Amino Acids
Small proteins
Macromolecule: =
Function: =
Globular protein, Structural proteins
control rate of reaction
regulate cell processes
form structures
transport substances through the cell