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Replication Transcription Translation DNA 1. Double Stranded Helix 2. ___________________ Bonds between Nitrogenous Base Pairs 3. Adenine-Thymine and GuanineCytosine Replication • The ______________________________ of DNA which occurs during the S phase of Interphase. • 1 Strand 2 ________________________ Strands • DNA Polymerase Hydrogen bond (H-bonds) thymine adenine cytosine guanine phosphate deoxyribose sugar Sugar / phosphate “strand” Nitrogenous base “rung” DNA nucleotide Deoxyribose sugar phosphate RNA nucleotide ribose sugar Nitrogenous base (guanine) phosphate Nitrogenous base (uracil) Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases ___________________ DNA “________________” Step 2: DNA strands ____________________ from each other Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell _________________with each side of the “unzipped” DNA each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a new strand Step 4: Each “old’ strand forms a ________________ for a “new” strand two identical DNA molecules form “new” strand, identical sequence to the original “old” (original) strand Transcription • The process by which a molecule of DNA is _______________________ into a complementary strand of _____________. • 1 Strand DNA 2 Strands RNA • RNA Polymerase DNA RNA Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary _________________ break DNA “unzips” Step 2: DNA strands ______________________ from each other Step 3: ____________ nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the “unzipped” DNA each “unzipped’ strands forms a template for a ____________ strand RNA nucleotide Step 4: RNA nucleotides continue to match up with “unzipped” DNA until the message is completely ___________________ mRNA strand One side of DNA strand mRNA strand Step 4: mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand One side of DNA strand Step 5: mRNA strand leaves the ____________________ for the _____________________ Step 6: Once the ______________ leaves, the DNA “zips” back together Translation • The process in which the __________________in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein. • 1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein The problem: How does a particular sequence of __________________________ specify a particular sequence of amino acids? By means of ________________________ molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in mRNA called a __________________. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to be translated into the sequence of amino acids in the protein. RNA and Protein Synthesis • RNA is a Single Stranded __________________ __________________ • RNA Acts as a Messenger between DNA and __________________ • Process Takes Amino Acids and Forms Proteins Why Is It Necessary? • DNA / Nucleus • Ribosomes / Cytoplasm • Need a Messenger Definitions • Codon 1. ___________________________segment of mRNA that specify amino acids. 2. _________________________ Codons 3. _________________________ Codons • Anticodon 1. Three-base segment of tRNA that dock with a codon. 2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid. Protein Synthesis • Proteins are _________________ directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one ___________________) for each amino acid. Mutation • A _______________________ in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that change causes a change in the ___________________________ coded for by the mutated gene. Mutations What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA sequence? Usually you end up with a mess. THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL Deletion of one base THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL And its all pops and buzzes. Definitions • _______________________________ Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin; may induce cancer or increase its incidence and can affect any cells or tissues • _______________________________ may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads) • _______________________________ may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence and effect the growing fetus Mutagens • • • • • • • Tobacco products Nitrous Acid ____________________________________ X-rays Gamma Rays ____________________________________ Some Artificial Sweeteners