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Endocrine System Function and purpose of hormones Classification, structure, and synthesis of hormones Pathways of nervous to endocrine regulation Effects of hormone interactions Pathologies of the endocrine system Hormone evolution Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (1 of 4) Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (2 of 4) Anatomy Summary: Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (3 of 4) Anatomy Summary: Hormones PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-2 (4 of 4) Chemical Regulating Systems Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules Made in gland(s) or cells Transported by blood Distant target tissue receptors Activates physiological response Pheromones: organism to organism communication Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones: Function Control of Rates of enzymatic reactions Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes Gene expression and protein synthesis Exert effects at very low concentrations Bind to target cell receptors Half-life indicates length of activity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones: Classification Peptide or protein hormones Steroid hormones Amine hormones PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hormones: Peptides or Proteins Preprohormone Large, inactive Prohormone Post-translational modification Peptide hormone-receptor complex Signal transduction system Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) To target Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone 6 Secretory 5 vesicle Release signal Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Capillary endothelium 1 Cytoplasm ECF mRNA Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, step 1 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, steps 1–2 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Transport vesicle 3 Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, steps 1–3 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Secretory vesicle Prohormone Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, steps 1–4 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone Secretory 5 vesicle Release signal Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, steps 1–5 Peptide Hormone Synthesis, Packaging, and Release 1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone ribosomes binds amino acids into a peptide chain called a preprohormone. The chain is directed into the ER lumen by a signal sequence of amino acids. ER chop off the signal sequence, creating an inactive prohormone. passes from the ER through the Golgi complex. enzymes and prohormone bud off the Golgi. The enzymes chop the prohormone into one or more active peptides plus additional peptide fragments. vesicle releases its contents by exocytosis into the extracellular space. moves into the circulation for transport to its target. Golgi complex Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) To target Ribosome Active hormone Transport vesicle Peptide fragment 3 4 Prohormone 6 Secretory 5 vesicle Release signal Capillary endothelium 2 1 mRNA Signal sequence Cytoplasm ECF Plasma Preprohormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-3, steps 1–6 Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex Surface receptor Hormone binds Enzyme activation Open channels Second messenger systems Cellular response Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex Membrane receptors and signal transduction for peptide hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-5 Steroid Hormones: Features Cholesterol-derived Lipophilic and can enter target cell Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly) Activate DNA for protein synthesis Slower acting, longer half-life Examples Cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Steroid Hormones: Structure Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-6 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid Cell membrane 3 Endoplasmic reticulum Transcription produces mRNA 5 4 New proteins 4 Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Translation 5 Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Figure 7-7 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. Blood vessel 1 Protein carrier Nucleus Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-7, step 1 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Blood vessel Steroid hormone 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-7, steps 1–2 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor Interstitial fluid Cell membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-7, steps 1–2a Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid 3 Cell membrane 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-7, steps 1–3 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid 3 Transcription produces mRNA Cell membrane 4 4 Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-7, steps 1–4 Steroid Hormones: Action 1 Most hydrophobic steroids are bound to plasma protein carriers. Only unbound hormones can diffuse into the target cell. 2 Steroid hormone receptors are typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus. 2a Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create rapid cellular responses. 3 The receptorhormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses one or more genes. Blood vessel Steroid hormone Cell surface receptor 2a Rapid responses 1 2 Protein carrier Nucleus Cytoplasmic receptor Nuclear receptor DNA Interstitial fluid Cell membrane 3 Endoplasmic reticulum Transcription produces mRNA 5 4 New proteins 4 Activated genes create new mRNA that moves into the cytoplasm. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Translation 5 Translation produces new proteins for cell processes. Figure 7-7, steps 1–5 Amine Hormones: Features Derived from one of two amino acids Tryptophan Tyrosine Ring structure Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amine Hormones: Examples Thyroid hormones Catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amine Hormones: Structure Tyrosine-derived amine hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-8 Endocrine Reflex Pathways Stimulus Afferent signal Integration Efferent signal (the hormone) Physiological action Negative feedback PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Reflex Pathways Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-9 Simple Endocrine Reflex: Parathyroid Hormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-10 Neurohormones: Major Groups Adrenal medulla Catecholamines Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pituitary Gland Anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-11 The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-12 The Pituitary Gland: Two Fused Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-13 Endocrine Control Three levels Hypothalamic stimulation—from CNS Pituitary stimulation—from hypothalamic trophic hormones Endocrine gland stimulation—from pituitary trophic hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative Feedback Controls Long-loop feedback Short-loop feedback Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-14 Control Pathway for Cortisol Secretion Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-15 The Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-16 A Complex Endocrine Pathway PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-17 Hormone Interactions Synergism Multiple stimuli—more than additive Permissiveness Need second hormone to get full expression Antagonism Glucagons opposes insulin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example of Synergism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-18 Endocrine Pathologies Hypersecretion: excess hormone Tumors or cancer Grave’s disease—thyroxin Hyposecretion: deficient hormone Goiter—thyroxin Diabetes—insulin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pineal Gland and Melatonin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-22 (1 of 3) Pineal Gland and Melatonin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-22 (2 of 3) Pineal Gland and Melatonin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7-22 (3 of 3)