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Nucleic Acid Structure DNA Replication Structure of DNA and RNA Duplication of DNA Information Flow From DNA replication (S phase) DNA transcription RNA translation Protein (G1 and G2 phases) Macromolecules: Polymers Made of Repeating Monomers Macromolecule Monomer Unit Carbohydrates Sugars Lipids Proteins Fatty acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Amino acids DNA and RNA Structure DNA RNA Primary Structure Chain of nucleotides Chain of nucleotides Secondary Structure Double helix Single folded chain Three Parts of Nucleotide Structure NH2 Phosphate Group OH HO P O HC O N C C N CH C N CH2 O N Deoxyribose Nitrogenous H or H Base (1 of 5) Ribose H H OH H 5-Carbon Sugar DNA and RNA Structure DNA Purine bases Pyrimidine bases 5-carbon sugar Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) deoxyribose ribose OH Phosphate RNA PO4 H OH PO4 OH Clarification Pause Turn to a partner and identify the differences between DNA and RNA structure Nucleotide Chain Nucleotides are joined together by dehydration synthesis The phosphate of one nucleotide is joined to sugar of next nucleotide, forming a “sugar-phosphate backbone” DNA Structure •Two nucleotide chains •In opposite orientations •Held together by hydrogen bonds •Twisted into a helix Chemical Bonding Covalent Bond Strong Atoms Formation of Share Nucleotides Electrons and Chains Hydrogen Bond Weak Atoms Pairing of “Share” a Nucleotide Hydrogen Bases in Opposite Chains T C A G DNA Secondary Structure The Double Helix • Two polynucleotide chains are wound together • Bases are located inside the helix • Sugar-phosphate groups are on the outside as a “backbone” • Bases are arranged like rungs on a ladder, perpendicular to the “backbone” • 10 base pairs per turn of the helix DNA Secondary Structure The Double Helix 5’ 3’ • Hydrogen bonding between bases holds the chains together Base pairing rules: A pairs with T G pairs with C • Polynucleotide chains have opposite polarity One is 5’ 3’ Other is 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ Applying Your Knowledge In the DNA double helix, which base is paired with adenine? 1. Adenine 2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine 5. Uracil DNA Replication DNA Replication DNA replication is semiconservative. Each strand is used as a template to produce a new strand. AGCTAGCTAGCT TCGATCGATCGA AGCTAGCTAGCT AGCTAGCTAGCT TCGATCGATCGA old new AGCTAGCTAGCT TCGATCGATCGA new old TCGATCGATCGA DNA Replication DNA replication requires 1. Enzymes, including DNA polymerase that adds nucleotides in a 5’3’ direction. 2. nucleotides 3. energy 5’—A G C T — 3’ 3’— T C G A — 5’ 5’— A G C T— 3’ 3’—T C G A — 5’ Outcome of DNA Replication Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. Two new chains Two old chains One old and one new chain One helix has two new chains and one has two old chains 5. None of these is correct. After DNA replication, what is the composition of the new double-helical molecules?