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Transcript
Central Dogma DNA=genotype Transcription RNA= the messenger Translation Polypeptide= phenotype Central Dogma DNA Transcription RNA= the messenger Translation Polypeptide= phenotype For translation to happen, the messenger RNA goes to the cytoplasm where it is attached to a cellular structure Translation : Polypeptide Amino Acid AntiCODON (tRNA) CODON (mRNA) The structure of tRNA Single strand of RNA Folded back upon itself Held together with H-bonds The structure of tRNA Amino acid attachment on 3” end Anticodon couples to the mRNA Code Redundancy • Third base in a codon shows "wobble”. • First two bases are the most important in reading the code and giving the correct amino acid. The third base often doesn’t The structure of tRNA coupling a.acid to the enzyme Enzyme coupled a. acid joins with P Enzyme •Phosphate joins to a.a. Coupling Enzyme •Phosphate joins to a.a. by loosing 2 P •tRNA bonds to the amino acid Coupling Enzyme •Phosphate joins to a.a. (for energy) •tRNA bonds to a.a. •enzyme releases “activated amino acid” TWO subunits to a ribosome 3 Ribosome Binding Sites: 5’ cap cap •Large The mRNA joins to the small ribosomal unit at the 5' untranslated region. This subunit binds to a special binding site on the attaches small ribosomal subunit 5’ cap •Large The large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit such that the first subunit codon is aligned at the P binding site. attaches 5’ cap •Large A tRNA carrrying the amino acid methionine attaches to the start codon subunit (AUG) on the messenger RNA. This inititates elongation. attaches 5’ cap Brings together: • mRNA Large • tRNA carrying the 1st amino acid subunit • 2 subunits of the ribosome attaches 5’ cap •Large Attachment of first amino acid carrying tRNA to A binding site. subunit • A tRNA and its amino acid attaches to attaches the A binding site. 5’ cap • Peptide bond formation between the met Large and the amino acid carried at the A bindiung site. Our polypeptide chain is subunit now: Met -Thr attaches 5’ cap • Ribosome moves in the 3' direction down the Large messenger RNA by three bases or one codon shifting the tRNA and polypeptide chain to the P subunit Binding site. The A binding site is open and a attaches vacant tRNA is in the E binding site. 5’ cap • Large tRNA ejected from the E binding site. subunit attaches 5’ cap • • Large Repeat Elongation Step 1 - 4 subunit attaches until stop codon encountered.. 5’ cap • • Large Elongation ends with: subunit attaches * Old tRNA ejected from the E Binding site Elongation of polypeptide chain: Elongation of polypeptide chain: Elongation of polypeptide chain: Elongation of polypeptide chain: Termination of Translation Stop codon to the A site. QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. release factor (protein) binds to A site -- offers a water molecule (not a.a.) 5’ cap • Large The polypeptide chain is at the P site. The stop subunit codon at the A site. attaches • Large A Release factor protein binds to the stop subunit codon at the A binding site. attaches • Large Separation of translation machinary. subunit chain may go to cytoplasm for Polypeptide further processing. attaches • Release factor protein initiates separation of Large polypeptide chain: • subunit attaches Met-Thr-His-Asp-Gly Termination of Translation QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. Termination of Translation QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture. mRNA is translated simultaneously by several ribosomes in clusters NOW WHAT?????? My head is going to explode