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DO Now- 2/27
• Blonde hair is dominant to blonde hair. A
heterozygous female is crossed with a
heterozygous male… Punnett’s Square
and phenotype/genotype ratios
OR
• What is DNA?
OR
• Where is DNA found?
TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME!!!!
I’m throwing them out tmw.
Zebrafish booklets and test: last day TODAY!
DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Genetic material of cells…
• GENES – units of genetic material that
CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT
– Called NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA is made up of repeating molecules
called NUCLEOTIDES
DNA STRUCTURE
•DNA had specific pairing between the
nitrogen bases:
ADENINE (A) – THYMINE (T)
CYTOSINE (C) – GUANINE (G)
•“Complementary Rule”: DNA made of 2
long stands of nucleotides arranged in a
specific way
Nucleotides – DRAW THIS!!!
Phosphate
Nitrogenous
Base
(A, T, C, G)
Sugar
Nitrogenous Bases
• PURINES
1. Adenine (A)
2. Guanine (G)
A or G
• PYRIMIDINES
3. Thymine (T)
4. Cytosine (C)
T or C
DNA Double Helix
“Rungs
of ladder”
Nitrogenous
Base
(A,T,G or C)
“Legs of ladder”
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
5
O
3
3
O
P
5
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
1
P
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P
Chargaff’s Rule
• Adenine must pair with Thymine
• Guanine must pair with Cytosine
• Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be
about the same.
T
A
G
C
BASE-PAIRINGS
H-bonds
G
C
T
A
DNA Structure Review Questions
1. What does DNA stand for?
2. DNA is made of repeating units of
__________________
3. A nucleotide is made of: …?
4. Draw a nucleotide.
5. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases?
6. What are the two PURINES? Are they
Big or little?
DO Now- 2/28
• What makes up DNA?
OR
• Draw a picture of what DNA looks like?
OR
• What are the 4 bases?
TAKE YOUR MITOSIS PROJECTS HOME!!!!
I’m throwing them out tmw.
Students Run
Quiz Thursday
A HISTORY OF DNA
• Discovery of the DNA double helix
A. Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor
in diseased bacteria can transform harmless
bacteria into deadly bacteria
(1928)
B. Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.
(1952)
C. Watson and Crick - described the
DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.
(1953)
History Continued
• Hershey & Chase– • Chargaff—
Chargaff’s rules.
• 1952, proved DNA
determined proteins • Using ratio of
nitrogenous bases
• Used bacteria and
in DNA, showed
bacteria viruses to
complimentary
show DNA
bases.
responsible for
heredity
Genetic Diversity…
• Different
arrangements of
NUCLEOTIDES in a
nucleic acid (DNA)
provides the key to
DIVERSITY among
living organisms.
The Code of Life…
• The “code” of the chromosome is the
SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.
A T C G T A T G C G G…
See p. 297
DNA is wrapped tightly around
histones and coiled tightly to form
chromosomes
• Questions:
• Complete the questions on page 202 on a
separate piece of paper (1 – 11). Please
write the question and just your answer.
– Skip question 2 and 10
• #5  just the definitions of the 3 words
Do Now – 3 /19
1.What is the structure of DNA?
OR
1.What are nucleotide bases?
STEP 1: Helicase unwinds, unzips
STEP 2: DNA polymerase adds bases as it
reads strand (leading and lagging strand)
STEP 3: Ligase checks and binds all
fragments together (finishing touch)
DNA Replication
• DNA must be copied
• The DNA molecule produces 2
IDENTICAL new complementary
strands following the rules of
base pairing:
A-T, G-C
•Replicates using the
enzyme DNA
polymerase
DNA Replication
• Semiconservative
Model:
1. Watson and Crick
showed: the two
strands of the parental
molecule separate,
and each functions as
a template for
synthesis of a new
complementary
strand.
.
DNA Template
Parental DNA
New DNA
DNA Polymerase –
Enzyme for DNA
Replication
Reads original strand
3’  5’
New strand created 5’
 3’
DNA Helicase – Enzyme
that unwinds the DNA
DRAW THIS!!!!!!!!!
(1961)
Watson & Crick proposed…
• …DNA controlled cell function by
serving as a template for PROTEIN
structure.
• 3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON
(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)
• AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks
of proteins.
Replication – Checking for Understanding
1. Why is replication necessary?
2. Who proposed the replication
concept?
3. What is the replication process
called?
4. Use the complementary rule to
create the complementary
strand:
A---?
G---?
C---?
T---?
A---?
G---?
A---?
G---?
C---?
A---?
G---?
T---?
Questions:
• Answer the questions on page 200
(section 3 review) in your notebook
• I will check and grade them before you
leave.
DNA Replication Review Question
• Draw a picture of DNA replication at the
replication fork.
• What are the 2 enzymes involved in replication?
• What is DNA replication called (the name of the
model proposed by Watson and Crick)?
• What is the difference between the leading and
lagging strands?
• What is the complementary strand to the
following:
ATTAGCTAGGACT
EXIT TICKET
1. Draw a picture of a DNA strand.
2. Write the complementary strand to the
following:
AAATTTCCCGGG
Do Now – 3/9
1.What are the 3 parts of DNA
2.What are the two enzymes in DNA
replication?
3.What is the shape of DNA
CHOOSE ONE!!!!!!!
CLASSWORK 3/9
• Define the words on page 221 on back of
worksheet (Section 1 vocab)
• Any 6 questions from the worksheet
– Chapter 9
Classwork:
• Turn to page 202 in the Biology textbook
• One a SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER:
– Answer questions 2, 4, 5, and 8-15
– You MUST write the question
Do Now – 4/10
1.What are the 3 parts of DNA
2.What are the 3 steps in DNA replication
3.What are the steps of transcription?
CHOOSE ONE!!!!!!!
Transcription and Translation: An
Overview (aka the Central Dogma)
DNA
Transcription – in nucleus
RNA
Translation – in cytoplasm, on ribosomes
Protein
RNA vs. DNA
DNA
• Double stranded
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Bases: C,G A,T
RNA
• Single stranded
• Ribose sugar
• Bases: C,G,A,U
Both contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.
• DNA can “unzip”
itself and RNA
nucleotides match
up to the DNA
strand.
• Both DNA & RNA
are formed from
NUCLEOTIDES and
are called NUCLEIC
acids.
Transcription
• DNA  RNA
• Happens in the
NUCLEUS
• RNA forms base
pairs with DNA
– C-G
– A-U
• mRNA- type of RNA
that encodes
information for the
synthesis of proteins
and carries it to a
ribosome from the
nucleus
STEP 1: RNA Primer binds to
the parent DNA strand
before gene to be
transcribed
• STEP 2: Unwind DNA
sequence (RNA
Polymerase)
• STEP 3: Produce
primary transcript by
stringing together the
chain of RNA
nucleotides (RNA
Polymerase)
RNA polymerasecomplex of enzymes,
like DNA polymerase
mRNA Processing
• Primary transcript is
not mature mRNA
• DNA sequence has
coding regions
(exons) and noncoding regions
(introns)
• Introns must be
spliced out before
mRNA can leave
nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION
ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCG
UGCUAUGGGACU
Classwork:
1. In your notebook, fill out the two charts below
with 3 facts in each box:
RNA
DNA
Transcription
Translation
2. What is RNA polymerase?
3. What would be the corresponding mRNA
sequence for the following DNA strand:
ATTCGATTCGATATACTAGCTAGCT
Do Now 4/11
1. What is RNA polymerase?
OR
2. What would be the corresponding mRNA
sequence for the following DNA strand:
ATTCGATTCGATATACTAGCTAGCT
Q4 Project: Genetic Disease
In your paper:
In your visual:
• 2 pages single spaced
handwritten
Can be a powerpoint,
poster, brochure, etc.
• 2 pages double spaced
typed
• You MUST include a
bibliography of 3 sources
(Textbook is ok)
Aesthetics do count!!!
Should have pictures
and info
Q4 Project: Genetic Disease
• In your paper:
• Symptoms and problems
associated
• How it is passed through
generations (dominant,
recessive, sex linked)
• When it was discovered,
how it was discovered,
and by whom (which
scientists)
• Outcomes and
treatments
In your visual:
Pictures of disease (if
appropriate)
Major information in
bullet point format
Should include all
information outlined in
your paper
DUE DATES
• Disease Choice: TODAY (10 Points) look
on page 181 for ideas (if you have another
make sure I clear it first
• Rough Draft Due: Friday, April 20th (40
Points)
• Final (Visual and Paper): Friday, April
27th (150 Points)
• TOTAL: 200 Points, Test Grade
Q4 Project: Genetic Disease
• RUBRICS
Do Now 4/12
1. What are the 4 steps in transcription?
OR
2. Compare DNA and RNA.
Answers
1. RNA Primer, Unwind DNA, RNA Synthesis
(adding new bases), RNA Processing
(Introns/Exons)… all steps performed by RNA
Polymerase
2. DNA = double stranded, ATCG, deoxyribose
RNA = Single stranded, AUCG, ribose
Translation
• Second stage of protein production
• mRNA is on a ribosomes in the cytoplasm
• tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA = Ribosomes
• 2 subunits, separate in cytoplasm until
they join to begin translation
– Large
– Small
• Contain 3 binding sites
–E
–P
–A
tRNA
• Transfer RNA
• Bound to one amino
acid on one end
• Anticodon on the
other end
complements mRNA
codon
Amino acids must be in
the correct order for the
protein to function
correctly
tRNA lines up amino
acids using mRNA code
Reading the DNA code
• Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA
bases
• Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a
single amino acid
• Codon- 3 mRNA bases
Translation: Big Picture
1.
2.
3.
4.
mRNA binds with the ribosome (rRNA)
rRNA “reads” mRNA (every 3 letters)
tRNA brings amino acid (3 letters=amino acid)
Happens until stop codon, amino acid chain
(aka protein) released from rRNA
The Genetic Code
ACGATA CCC TGA ATTGCGTTAGCTATCG
UGCUAUGGGACU UAA
What would the amino acids be for the sequence above?
Do Now 4/18
1. What are the 4 steps of transcription?
OR
2. What are the 4 steps of translation?
1. Transcription - Nucleus
1. RNA primer, Unwinds DNA, RNA Synthesis,
mRNA Processing (RNA Polymerase, Intron
– junk DNA/Exons - codes)
2. Translation – cytoplasm
1. mRNA binds to ribosomes, rRNA read the
mRNA, tRNA brings amino acids, happens
till stop codon
Practice Problem
DNA: TAC TTC CGA AGT AAA
mRNA:
A.A.:
Practice Problem
DNA: TAC ATT CGA CGT TAG CAA
mRNA:AUG UAA GCU GCA AUC GUU
A.A.: Met – Stop – Ala – Ala AUG – Start/
Met
Transcription vs. Translation Review
Transcription
• Process by which
genetic information
encoded in DNA is
copied onto
messenger RNA
• Occurs in the nucleus
• DNA
mRNA
Translation
• Process by which
information encoded
in mRNA is used to
assemble a protein at
a ribosome
• Occurs on a
Ribosome
• mRNA
protein
Which codons code for which
amino acids?
• Genetic code- inventory of linkages
between nucleotide triplets and the amino
acids they code for
• A gene is a segment of RNA that brings
about transcription of a segment of RNA
DNA Translation
• The cell uses
information from
“messenger” RNA
to produce proteins
Transcription/Translation Questions
1. Why is transcription necessary?
2. Describe transcription.
3. Why is translation necessary?
4. Describe translation.
5. What are the main differences
between DNA and RNA.
6. Using the chart on page 303,
identify the amino acids coded for by
these codons:
UGGCAGUGC
1. Why is transcription necessary?
Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA)
to carry the code for proteins out of the
nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Describe transcription.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the
strands, then uses one strand as a template to
assemble MRNA.
3. Why is translation necessary?
Translation assures that the right amino acids
are joined together by peptides to form the
correct protein.
4. Describe translation.
The cell uses information from MRNA to
produce proteins.
5. What are the main differences between
DNA and RNA.
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose;
DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand;
DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.
6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the
amino acids coded for by these codons:
UGGCAGUGC
tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine
AMAZING DNA FACTS…
• DNA from a single human
cell extends in a single
thread for almost 2 meters
long!!!
• It contains information
equal to some 600,000
printed pages of 500 words
each!!!
(a library of about 1,000 books)
LET’S REVIEW DNA…
LM p.44
1. List the conclusions Griffith & Avery,
Hershey & Chase drew from their
experiments.
2. Summarize the relationship between
genes & DNA.
3. Describe the overall structure of the
DNA molecule.
4. What are the 4 kinds of bases?