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GENETICS
Objectives:
Objective 10- Identify the
differences between DNA & RNA.
Objective 10.1- Identify the
mechanisms through which DNA can
be mutated.
Objective 10 Vocabulary terms
Base pair
Guanine
Nucleotide
Translation
Replication
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Transcription
Amino Acid
There were many scientists who
contribute to the findings of the DNA
structure. Let’s review a few.
Erwin Chargaff- was a
biochemist that found that
the amount of Adenine
always equal the amount of
thymine. Guanine always
equal cytosine. His findings
are known as Chargaff rules.
Rosalind Franklin
Was a chemist that was able to
capture the images of DNA molecules
on X-ray.
She was a woman in the science field
that they (colleagues)didn’t respect
her ideas. Her colleagues didn’t
think women had ideas worth
listening to and they didn’t give her
work the credit she was due. In fact
if they all worked together they could
have founded the structure a lot
Watson, Crick, and Wilson
After seeing images that Ms. Franklin
had taken in her lab, they concluded
that DNA resembles a twisted ladder
shape know as a double helix.
They were given the Nobel prize for
identifying the structure of DNA.
They used this model to predict how
DNA is copied.
Double Helix
The spiral arrangement
of two complementary
strands of DNA.
Let’s learn what I mean
about Complementary.
In a DNA molecule, the shapes
of the bases cause the bases to
pair in a certain way.
Cytosine always pairs
with Guanine.
Adenine always pairs
with Thymine.
There are two types of nucleic acids called
DNA and RNA.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA is the genetic material- the material
that determines inherited characteristics.
A strand of DNA looks like a twisted
ladder( double helix structure)
DNA is copied every time a cell divides.
DNA has a specific code for making all
proteins the cell needs. The proteins are
made of amino acids.
Bases of DNA: adenine,
thymine, cytosine,
guanine.
Bases of RNA: adenine,
URACIL, cytosine,
guanine. (Uracil replaces
thymine in RNA)
The difference between DNA
and RNA are: DNA is
deoxyribonucleic acid, and
exact copies of a set of DNA
are found in each cell of an
organism.
RNA is ribonucleic acid, which
is similar to DNA but is used to
carry copies of DNA code
around the cell and to build
proteins based on this code.
DNA is double stranded and stays
inside the nucleus.
RNA is single stranded and moves
from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
DNA has 5 deoxyribose sugar while
RNA has 5 ribose sugar molecule.
RNA- ribonucleic
acid, a molecule
that is present in all
living cells and that
plays a role in
protein production.
The subunits of nucleic
acids are called
nucleotides which are
made up of the elements
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
A nucleotide consists of a
sugar, a phosphate, and a
base.
Nucleotide- in a
nucleic-acid chain, a
subunit that
consists of a sugar,
a phosphate, and a
nitrogenous base.
The four types of nucleotides are:
adenine, thymine, guanine, and
cytosine
The four bases are adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine.
Each base
has a
different
shape.
Making proteins requires two basic steps:
Transcription and translation
Transcription-is the
synthesis of mRNA
from a DNA template.
Adv.
It is similar to DNA
replication in that a DNA
strand is used to make a
strand of mRNA.
Next, the mRNA is
transferred to ribosomes
by the tRNA where
translation occurs.
Adv
Translation -is the
process where
ribosomes synthesize
proteins using the
mRNA transcript
produced during
transcription.
Adv
Transfer RNA
A small RNA molecule, consisting
of a strand of nucleotides folded
into a clover leaf shape, that
picks up an unattached amino
acid within the cell cytoplasm
and conveys (carries) it to the
ribosome for protein synthesis.
Abbreviation: tRNA
ADV
Messenger RNA
An RNA produced by
transcription that carries the
code for a particular protein
from the nuclear DNA to a
ribosome in the cytoplasm an
acts as a template for the
formation of that protein. Also
called mRNA
adv
Replication – make
copies of the DNA
DNA copies are made by
splitting the molecule down
the middle and then adding
new nucleotides to each
side.
Adv
Adv
http://www.brainpop.com/health/cell
sandbodybasics/rna/
Mutations
Mutations occur
when there is a
change in the order
of bases in a
organism’s DNA.
Mutation- a
change in the
nucleotide-base
sequence of a
gene or DNA
molecule.
Example
of
mutation
http://www.brainpop.com/health/growthdevelopment
andgenetics/geneticmutations/
Three types of changes
can occur in the order of
bases in DNA:
substitution, insertion
and deletion.
1. deletion (a base is
left out)
2. insertion (an extra
base is added)
3. substitution (most
common) (wrong base
is used)
Sickle cell anemia is caused
by a mutation( substitution)
in a single nucleotide of DNA,
which then causes the wrong
amino acid to be assembled
in a protein used in blood
cells.
Changes in the order of
bases in DNA can occur
through errors when the
DNA is copied or damaged
by physical or chemical
agents called mutagen
Remember: Radiations causes
mutations.
Mutations can be helpful, harmful or
have no effect on the organism.
A MUTAGEN is a substance
that can cause a mutation
in DNA.
Examples of mutagens
include high-energy
radiation from X rays and
ultraviolet radiation (sun),
asbestos, and the chemicals
in cigarette smoke