Download review for Bio. I HSA

Biology I G/T
What you should know by the end of
the course!
Review for the Final/HSA
Question #1: Examine the following group of water
molecules and answer the questions.
A→
B→
a. What kind of bond is labeled A?
b. What kind of bond is labeled B?
c. Which bond(s) is/are weak and
constantly break and reform.
a. Covalent
b. Hydrogen
c. Hydrogen
Question #2: Why is hydrogen bonding between water
molecules important for life on earth? Include the
following in your answer.
A. Use at least two properties of water.
B. Explain why the hydrogen bonding is necessary to give water these
properties.
C. Explain why the property is necessary to life on earth.
Answers on next two slides
Possible Answers
Property
1.
Cohesive (sticks to self) &
Adhesive (sticks to other things)
due to H-bonding
2.
Unique Density Property
Ice (solid form) is less dense than
water (liquid) due to H-bonds
forming as molecules slow down
- keeping molecules more spread
out)
Why necessary to life on earth?
1a.Water can be transported against
gravity in plants – allows plants to
be the base of the foodweb
1b.Causes surface tension and provides
for aquatic ecosystems
2. Ice floats allowing oceans and lakes
to freeze from the top down
allowing living things to live
underneath
Possible Answers
3. Almost Universal Solvent (dissolves
all polar and ionic cmpds.) due to
water surrounding molecules and
pulling them apart – partially neg.
O is attracted to pos. and partially
pos. H is attracted to neg.
3a. Allows salts, proteins, to be
dissolved in cells, blood, sap
3b. Allows blood and sap to carry
oxygen, nutrients, messengers
3b. Allows biological fluids to act as
buffers
4. High Specific Heat (can absorb or
lose a lot of heat before
temperature changes) – as heat is
added, energy is used to break H
bonds before molecules can move
faster (temp. increase)
4. Maintains moderate temp. on Earth
Helps maintain body temperature
5. High Heat of Vaporization (takes
longer to evaporate) since must
break H bonds before can move
fast enough to evap.)
5a. Cools body since molecules with
highest energy (temp.) leave
5b. Cools aquatic ecosystems
Question #3: pH
A.
If the pH of a biological solution was changed from 7 to
5, does that mean there are more or less H+ in the
solution and how many times more or less? Is it more
acidic or basic?
B. Why is the maintenance of pH in biological systems
important?
C. What maintains the correct pH and why?
A. 100 x more H+ (each pH unit is 10X) more acidic
B. If the pH changes from normal, proteins denature (unfold) into their
primary structure and do not function therefore no enzymes would
function and no chemical reactions could happen
C. Buffers – salt solutions made of positive and negative ion pairs that can
bind up any excess H+ or OH-
Question #4: Basic Chemistry
A.
B.
C.
What determines the reactivity of an atom (if it will
chemically react with another atom and what will it bond
with?)
What does polar mean?
List three biologically relevant bonds from strongest to
weakest. Define each.
A. The # of electrons in the outer most energy level
B. A covalently bonded molecule in which some of the atoms are larger and
pull on the electrons harder so that they are closer to the bigger atom.
This causes part of the molecule to be partially positive and some partially
negative – the larger atom has the electrons closer so it is the partially
negative one.
C. Covalent (sharing electrons), ionic (transfer of electrons creating
oppositely charged ions), hydrogen (weak attraction between two polar
molecules)
Question 5: Recognition of Organic Monomers.
For the next four slides:
•
List the name of the monomer as it
appears on the screen.
•
State what macromolecule category
the monomer goes with.
•
State a major function of the
macromolecule.
•
Explain how the structure matches
the function.
A. Monosaccharide
B. Carbohydrates
C. Short term energy
D. Many C-H bonds storing energy gathered from the sun in photosynthesis
and easy to release the energy due to it being polar and water soluble which
makes it easy to transport to the mitochondria of every cell where there is
an abundance of enzymes to break it down
A. List the name of the monomer as it
appears on the screen.
B. State what macromolecule category
the monomer goes with.
C. State a major function of the
macromolecule.
D. Explain how the structure matches
the function.
A. Amino acid
B. Protein
C. Structure (Fibrous proteins), Globular Proteins - Enzymes, Messengers and
Receptors, Protein Channels, Antibodies, Carriers, etc.
D. Fibrous – multiple polypeptides wound around each other – twisted rope
stucture makes it very strong
Globular – specific shape like enzymes fitting active site to substrate to
catalyze specific chemical reactions.
A. List the name of the monomer as it
appears on the screen.
B. State what macromolecule category the
monomer goes with.
C. State a major function of the
macromolecule.
D. Explain how the structure matches the
function.
A. Nucleotide
B. Nucleic acid
C. Code for proteins, replicate
D. Can form an inforamtional code because - 4 different nitrogen bases that can be put
in any order and are held in that order by the strong covalent bonds between the
sugars and phosphates in the backbone. The order determines the order of amino
acids and thus protein structure. Base pairing alllows it to always match the right 3
nucleotides to the right amino acid.
It can copy itself – base pairing ensures an ability to make an exact copy after
separation of the two strands. The strands separate easily due to weak hydrogen
bonds between the base pairs.
A.
B.
C.
D.
List the name of the monomer as it appears on the screen.
State what macromolecule category the monomer goes with.
State a major function of the macromolecule.
Explain how the structure matches the function.
A. Fatty acid
B. Lipids
C. Long term energy storage, insulation, padding, phospholipids for cell
membranes
D. Most C-H bonds of any organic molecule so more compact storable
energy form. Not water soluble, hard to transport and mix with
enzymes so can be stored for a long time, slow to break down.
Question 6: Protein Folding
A.
B.
C.
D.
What folding level of structure(s) is functional for a protein?
Where in the cell do proteins fold if they are secreted proteins?
Why is protein shape so critical to living things?
Give an example of a misshapen protein, it’s effect on the organism,
and what caused the protein to be the wrong shape
A. Tertiary or quarternary
B. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
C. Protein shape governs the function of the proteins and proteins run
everything in the body. If enzymes are misshapen then chemical
reactions can’t happen; if messengers are misshapen, the cell can’t
receive signals to tell it what to do etc.
D. Hemoglobin – causes sickle cell anemia – red blood cells can’t carry
oxygen as effectively, cellular respiration slowed, lack of energy, clogging
of capillaries due to shape of blood cells – caused by a single nucleotide
change in the gene that codes for the hemoglobin protein
Question #7: General Enzymes
A.
B.
C.
Why do living things need enzymes to do chemical
reactions?
Why is it good that living things need enzymes to do
chemical reactions?
How do enzymes lower the activation energy? Explain at
the molecular level.
A. Body temperature cannot be too great so there isn’t enough activation energy to get
chemical reactions to go so enzymes must lower the activation energy
B. If reactions could happen on their own (if body temperature provided enough activation
energy) then there would be no control over any reactions, they would all just happen
anywhere in the body all of the time. Since enzymes are needed, specific chemical
reactions will only happen when and where the enzymes are located
C. For breaking chemical bonds – the induced fit strains the bonds making them weaker so
that it doesn’t take as much energy to get the reaction to go and body temperature will be
enough for the activation energy.
D. For making chemical bonds – it squeezes them tightly together so that its doesn’t take as
much energy to form the bond
Question #8: Enzymatic Reactions
A. Label the following reaction with active site, enzyme,
products, substrate, enzyme/substrate complex
`
Questions #9: How do things effect the
rate of enzyme reactions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
How can you speed up an enzyme catalyzed reaction?
How does temperature effect the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reactions and why?
How does the enzyme and substrate concentration effect the
rate of enzyme reactions and why?
How does pH effect the rate of enzyme reactions and why?
A. Increase temp, amount of enzymes, amt. of substrates, decrease the space they’re in
B. Increases the rate of reactions due to increase enzyme/substrate collisions but after the
optimal temperature is reached, the activity quickly goes to zero due to denaturation of
enzymes
C. If you increase either the enzyme or the substrate concentration there will be more
enzyme substrate collisions so increase rates of reaction – however it will level off at a
certain point since there is only so much enzyme if you are increasing the substrate and
only so much substrate if you are increasing the enzyme
D. If you change the pH from the normal pH of the enzyme then it denatures and you get
no activity
Question #9 continued
D.
E.
What are two ways to increase substrate
concentration?
Give two ways that the body uses to control
enzymes so that chemical reactions happen at a
certain time.
D. Increase the amount of substrate, decrease the space or volume of fluid the
enzymes and substrates are in
E. Activate enzymes when needed that are inactive, turn on genes to make the
enzyme needed, have certain areas of the body at different pH levels since
enzymes only work at the right pH, make more enzymes to increase the enzyme
concentration, feedback inhibition – the product inhibits an earlier enzyme in
the enzymatic pathway so that as more product is made, the reaction goes
slower
Question #10: Cells in General
A.
B.
C.
D.
Why must all living things be made of cells? Give the three major
reasons.
Why must cells be microscopically tiny?
What is the major part of the cell membrane made out of and why?
What is the major function of all cells?
A. Living things need to made out of small compartments mostly because it is necessary to keep
enzyme/substrate concentrations high enough to get chemical reactions to happen in a decent
amount of time – in a bigger space, chemical reactions would be too slow.
B. Beside the speed of chemical reactions, speed of diffusion is way too slow unless the surface
area/volume ratio is high and it is only in very small compartments, otherwise it would take too
long to get nutrients. 2nd – speed of transport – slow (15 cm/day) but since cells are so small it
only takes about 1 sec. to cross the cell
C. Phospholipids – cells live in a water environment and most of cytoplasm is water and lipids are
the only organic molecule that doesn’t dissolve in water.
D. To make proteins which then carry out all of the cells functions – contracting in muscles,
sending messengers to other cells, determining what chemical reactions that cell does, receiving
messages to know what to do, etc, etc.
Question #11 Cell Membrane Parts
On the drawing below are the parts of a cell membrane. Label each
numbered part. Hint: there are three different types of protein
channels, a receptor protein and a marker protein beside the
main structure of the membrane
2
1
3
↓
↓
↑
8
↑
7
Phosphate
Phospholipid
↑
4
↑
↑
5
Marker
Protein
6
Question #12 Methods to get in and
out of cells
A.
B.
C.
D.
What process uses proteins channels, but uses no energy because
specific molecules move from high to low concentration through the
channel? Give a real life example.
What process is a way to get really large things into the cell? Give a
real life example
How does Oxygen pass through the membrane?
What processes used protein channels to pump things from low to
high concentration? Give an example.
A. Facilitated diffusion (type of passive transport) This is how most things get in and out of
cells like glucose in, amino acids in, Na+ in, nucleotides in
B. Endocytosis – for things like cholesterol, all food in a single celled organism since they
don’t have a digestive system to break down food into monomers, macrophages take in
whole bacteria this way
C. Simple diffusion – right thru the phospholipid bilayer part
D. Active transport – muscle cells pump out Na+, ocean fish can pump salt out of their cells
See Methods Illustration Below
Question #13: Cell Organelles

State the name and function of each organelle as it pops up
– be sure to give a detailed function!
Label all three things!
SER – makes
in muscles
Golgiphospholipids,
Apparatus
Mitochondria
cells it stores calcium, in
Modifies
Cellular
and
slowly
proteins
liverRespiration,
cellspackages
it detoxifies
for
breaks
export
down
from
the cell
drugs
andorganic
alcohol
molecules – usually sugar – to
Any proteins
that–need
to go to a
makes
makeRibosomes
ATP to supply
useable
particular
place need
proteins
wherelocalization
the
energy
to the–cell
signals
to
tell
them
where
tRNA matches up theto go
mRNA codons with the
right amino acids
RER – where completed
protein folds and is
modified and then sent to
Golgi
Question #14 Organelle Cont.
A.
#1the
and
#2 –
A. Label
What do
microfilaments
and
microtubules make up?
B. State the function of #2
#1
#2
B. Give two functions of the
microtubules.
B. Digest old worn out cell parts,
in protozoa digests all foods
since they don’t have a
digestive system, macrophages
use them to digest whole
A. Cytoskeleton
bacteria
B. Transport things around the
inside of the cell and give
the cell shape and structure –
the shape of the cell
ultimately determines the
function of the cell since it
influences which genes get
read
Question 15: Still Organelles
A.
B.
C.
How can you distinguish plant cells from animal cells?
What two organelles create turgor pressure and why is
turgor important?
Why is the nucleus called the control center of the cell?
A. Plant cells have a large central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts, no centrioles, and usually
no lysosomes where animal cells have many small vacuoles, no cell wall. remember that
plants do have mitochondria – the chloroplasts make the sugar and the mitochondria
breakdown the sugar to make ATP which is the useable form of energy
B. Cell wall and vacuole together to create the turgor – the vacuole fills with water and
presses against the cytoskeleton which presses against the cell wall Tugor is important
because plants don’t have bones and muscles and this makes them stand up to help the
leaves be exposed to more sunlight
C. The nucleus contains, protects, and organizes the DNA which codes for proteins and
proteins run the cell - if the DNA gets destroyed then the cell dies, the organization of
the DNA determines what genes get read which controls what proteins are mdae in the
cell, also provides a small space for enzyme/substrate concentration so that
transcription and replication happen efficiently
Questions #16: Photosynthesis
A.
B.
C.
What four things are needed for photosynthesis?
In what part of photosynthesis is each used?
What are the products of photosynthesis?
A. Carbon dioxide and water, chlorophyll and light
B. Water is used in the light reactions to replace the hydrogens that leave the chlorophyll
with their high energy electrons. Light is used to energize the electrons on the H in
chlorophyll, chlorophyll provides the H for the sugar, carbon dioxide ( provides the
carbon and oxygen part of the sugar
C. Sugar and oxygen (biproduct)
Question #17: Cellular Respiration
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
What is needed for aerobic cellular respiration?
Why must cellular respiration take place in all living things?
What part of cellular respiration yields the most energy?
What are the products of CR and what molecule stores the energy at
the end of CR?
What is produced during fermentation in yeast?
Where does the Kreb’s cycle happen?
A. Sugar, oxygen
B. If glucose was burned more quickly too much heat would be released causing proteins
to denature
C. Electron transport chain (32 per glucose)
D. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP – ATP
E. Alcohol and carbon dioxide
F. Mitochondrial matrix
Question #18: DNA Structure
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Where are H bonds in DNA and why is it important that they are H?
Where are the covalent bonds and why is it important that they are
covalent?
What part of the nucleotide is the coding part? Why?
What are the two functions of the DNA molecule?
Why is base pairing important to DNA carrying out both of it’s
functions?
Question #19: Protein Synthesis
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
What is transcription and translation and where in the cell do each take
place?
What is a codon and an anti-codon?
Given the following DNA sequence, give the mRNA, tRNA, and amino
acid. TACGGCATCAAA
How does the RNA polymerase know where to begin transcription?
How does the ribosome know where to begin translation?
What happens during RNA processing.
What happens to the final protein if one nucleotide is mutated – please
give three possibilities and explain why each would happen?
Question #20: Cell Cycle
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
What happens during S phase of the cell cycle and why does it need to
happen?
Tell the difference between chromatin and chromosomes and when
during the cell cycle you would find each.
What are the phases of mitosis and in general what happens in each?
When during the cell cycle is most of the protein synthesis happening?
What enzyme copies the DNA?
What enzyme opens the replication forks?
Draw a picture showing two replication forks at an origin of replication
and show the leading and lagging strands.
Question #21: Meiosis vs. Mitosis
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Happens in somatic cells
Happens in germ cells (tricky)
Has two divisions
Has 46 chromosomes lined up down the equator of the cell
Has chromosomes lined up in pairs down the equator of the cell
Makes haploid cells
Has daughter cells that are an exact replica of the original cell
Forms an embryo from a zygote
Happens only in the ovaries and testes
Question #22: Meiosis
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
What three ways bring about genetic variation through meiosis?
How does Mendel’s Law of Segregation relate to meiosis?
How does Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment relate to meiosis?
What form is the DNA in during meiosis?
What is the purpose of meiosis?
Question #23: Genetics
A.
A man with sickle cell anemia has a daughter will sickle cell? What are
the chances that he and his wife will have a second child with sickle
cell?