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Macromolecules copyright cmassengale 1 Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. • Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale 2 Macromolecules • Large organic molecules. • Also called POLYMERS. • Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. • 4 Macromolecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleiccopyright acids (DNA and RNA) cmassengale 3 Carbohydrates copyright cmassengale 4 Carbohydrates • Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. • End in “OSE” (cellulose, glucose etc) • Carbohydrates Function: … 1. give you energy 2. Provide fiber 3. Build cell wall (cellulose) copyright cmassengale 5 Carbohydrates Building blocks: Monosaccharide (little sugar)-one sugar unit Examples: glucose glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose copyright cmassengale 6 Carbohydrates Maritime and Macromolecules FISH PLANTS (AQUATIC) • What are the 2 living organisms you see in this picture? • What types of cells are the plants made of? • What macromolecul e do the fish 7 Carbohydrates Maritime and Macromolecules FISH PLANTS (AQUATIC) • What macromolecule do the fish get from the plants? • How does eating the plant effect the fish? Use the following words: – FIBER – Energy 8 Carbohydrates Maritime and Macromolecules NO CARBOHYDRATES TO EAT=NO ENERGY= DEAD FISH FISH PLANTS (AQUATIC) • FIBER- Helps the fish’s digestive system. • ENERGY- Fish eat the plants and break down the sugars in the plants to make energy. • What if there were no plants to eat? 9 Maritime Science Question #1: Maritime Science Question: #1 (of 4)- Why do fish rely on plants? Why would a loss of plant life result in dead fish? copyright cmassengale 10 Lipids copyright cmassengale 11 Lipids • Are not soluble in water (do not dissolve). • Lipid Function: 1. Remember “stores the most energy” 2. Builds the cell membrane • Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids (cell membrane) 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones copyright cmassengale 12 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 6. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids) copyright cmassengale 13 Lipids Building Blocks: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 O fatty acids H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH 2 2 2 H glycerol copyright cmassengale 14 Lipids Maritime and Macromolecules • Lipids have a variety of functions in aquatic animals• energy source • insulation • buoyancy (floating) • echo location • Whale blubber (fat) was once very important to humans. SOURCE:http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm-15 Lipids Maritime and Macromolecules • Echolocation: • The ability that marine animals (and bats) possess that enables them to “SEE” with their ears by listening for echoes. • The echo passes through the melon (rounded region of a dolphin’s head) which is made of lipids. • The melon acts as an acoustical lens to focus these sound waves into a beam, which is projected forward into water in front of the animal (Barnes, 1990). SOURCE:http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/bottlenose/echodol.html-16 Lipids Maritime and Macromolecules Lipids in bird feathers• Why would part of the bird’s feather be made of lipids? • The lipids give a waterproof layer to the feathers. SOURCE:http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/lipids/waxes/index.htm-17 Maritime Science Question #2: Maritime Science Question: #2 (of 4)- Why do fish rely on plants? Why would a loss of plant life result in dead fish? copyright cmassengale 18 Proteins copyright cmassengale 19 Proteins (Polypeptides) • Building Blocks: • Amino acids (20 different kinds of “aa”) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). • • • • Functions of Movement: Structural: Enzymes: proteins: Builds muscles Builds tissue (skin/hair/nails) Speed reaction rates copyright cmassengale 20 Proteins Maritime and Macromolecules • Complete Proteins- Have ALL 20 amino acids (animal products). • Incomplete ProteinsContains only SOME of the amino acids (beans/rice/vegetables etc) Proteins Maritime and Macromolecules Crabs• Are they good for you? • Why? • Are they bad for you? • Why? Read article from Conrad’s Crabs in order to explain whether or not crabs are a healthy food. 22 Maritime Science Question #3: Maritime Science Question: #3 (of 4)- Why is protein important in your diet? What marine sources of food provide complete proteins? copyright cmassengale 23 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale 24 Nucleic acids • Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) • Building Blocks• Nucleotides: Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides. copyright cmassengale 25 Nucleic acids • Nucleotides (building block) include: phosphate sugar nitrogenous bases: DNA: adenine (A)-thymine (T) guanine (G)-cytosine (C) RNA: uracil (U)-adenine (A) guanine (G)-cytosine (C) copyright cmassengale 26 Nucleotide Phosphate Group O O=P-O O 5 CH2 O N C1 C4 Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Sugar (deoxyribose) C3copyright cmassengale C2 27 5 DNA double helix O 3 3 O P 5 O C G 1 P 5 3 2 4 4 2 3 1 P T 5 A P 3 O O P 5 O 3 copyright cmassengale 5 P 28 Solve this following DNA Strand: DNA STRAND= COMPLIMENTARY STRAND= ATG GGC CTA TGA TAC _____ _____ _____ What if we turn a strand of DNA into RNA? DNA STRAND= RNA STRAND= GGG AAA CCC TTT _____ UUU ____ _____ copyright cmassengale 29 Solve this following DNA Strand: DNA STRAND= COMPLIMENTARY STRAND= ATG GGC CTA TGA TAC CCG GAT ACT What if we turn a strand of DNA into RNA? DNA STRAND= RNA STRAND= GGG AAA CCC TTT CCC UUU GGG AAA copyright cmassengale 30 Nucleic Acids Maritime and Macromolecules devil firefish lion fish Purple fire fish What 2 fish do you think are most closely related? Use DNA strands to DEVIL FIREFISHLIONFISHPURPLE FIREFISH- solve it! AAG CGA AAT TTA AAG CGA AAT TTC ATG CGA AAT TTG http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=96331 Nucleic Acids Maritime and Macromolecules devil firefish lion fish Purple fire fish What 2 fish do you think are most closely related? Use DNA strands to DEVIL FIREFISHLIONFISHPURPLE FIREFISH- solve it! AAG CGA AAT TTA AAG CGA AAT TTC ATG CGA AAT TTG http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?speciesid=96332 UNKNOWN SPECIES 1 Maritime Science Question #4: CRAB SPECIES 1 CRAB SPECIES 2 CRAB SPECIES 3 CRAB SPECIES 4 Maritime Science Question: #4 (of 4)- A new type of crab was found in the inner harbor. Geneticist have extracted DNA samples from other crab species in order to identify which type of crab that this crab is related to. Use the above DNA strands in order to explain which species of crab that the unknown species is related 33 to. Evaluation Match the following: 1. Stores energy 2. Provides immediate energy 3. Genetic information 4. Builds muscles and tissue copyright cmassengale A. B. C. D. Protein Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids 34 BEYOND HSA SLIDES BELOW: copyright cmassengale 35 Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) O saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH copyright cmassengale 36 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two monosaccharides together Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose) – Lactose (glucose+galactose) – Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose glucose copyright cmassengale 37 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many monosacharides together. Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose glucose glucose glucose cellulose glucose glucose glucose copyright cmassengale glucose 38 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale 39 Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds copyright cmassengale 40 Secondary Structure • 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. • Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale 41 Tertiary Structure • Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides • Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) • Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale 42 Quaternary Structure • Composed of 2 or more “subunits” • Globular in shape • Form in Aqueous environments • Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits copyright cmassengale 43