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Biomolecules Organic Compounds Big Four Compounds http://tanyab.shank.cmswiki.wikispaces.net/ 2 Main Groups of Chemical Compounds Organic-CONTAINS C, H, O Inorganic-does not contain all 3 elements Which elements are in all organic molecules? Organic Molecules contain: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen chemicals Organic Compounds Chemeical compounds that make up structures of living things! All compounds that contain bonds between carbon hydrogen atoms Reiew:Inorganic Compounds Generally do NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together CO2 is not organic H2O ! water is not organic What’s so special about CARBON? Carbon likes to share bonds COVALENT What’s so special about CARBON? Can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding with other carbon atoms These long chains can then FOLD to make many complex shapes How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Monomer – 1 subunit (1 building block) Polymer – a large molecule made up of many smaller subunits How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Macromolecule – term for VERY large polymers Polymerization – the process of building LARGE molecules by joining together many smaller subunits Provides a way for really large complex molecules to form from smaller ones How to BUILD Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis Process that MAKES or build polymers Dehydration – lose water Synthesis – making or putting together How to BUILD (and take apart) Organic Molecules Hydrolysis Process in which polymers are broken apart Example: digestion Add back the water that was taken out Breaks polymer into monomer subunits Add back the water that was taken out Bottom Line about Making Polymers Small subunits link together to make large polymers Dehydration reactions link them Removal of water Creates covalent bonds between subunits To break apart polymers into subunits, you just add the water back Hydrolysis reaction Breaks covalent bonds between subunits Bottom Line about Making Polymers Really LONG complex molecules can be made and broken down by these methods. Like linking and unlinking cars in a train. FOUR MAJOR GROUPS of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Functions of carbohydrates Glucose- Quick ENERGY Starch- Energy STORAGE in PLANTS Glycogen- Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS Cellulose-Structural compounds for plant SUPPORT GENERAL CARB STRUCTURE: Monomers and Polymers Monomers Monosaccharides-ONE-glucose, fructose Polymers Polysaccharides-MANY-starch, glycogen, cellulose Monosaccharides Sugar is made by plants in photosynthesis Single unit of carbs are monosaccharides Simple sugars Basic formula CH2O ELEMENTS- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Why monosaccharides are important QUICK Energy in them can be made available to living things 18 Why monosaccharides are important Energy in them can be made QUICKLY available to living things Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the sugar molecules In particular, bonds between CARBON and HYDROGEN atoms store lots of energy When these bonds are broken, energy is released This energy is then available to use Cellular respiration converts this energy to a usable form! Monosaccharide - Glucose Note that there are lots of these C-H bonds in a sugar molecule Each has lots of potential energy stored in it Disaccharides Two sugars Two monosaccharides joined Examples: Sucrose (table sugar) Glucose + fructose Lactose (milk) Galactose + glucose Why are Disaccharides useful? Not quite so easily broken down as monosaccharides Can by used by plants / animals for safe temporary storage of sugars Used in transport in plants Sugar not consumed on its way from leaves to roots Makes milk harder to digest in animals MOST adult animals cannot digest milk Keeps it for YOUNG ONLY Polysaccharides Made by joining MANY monosaccharides Sugar (thus energy) is STORED in this form TYPES of Polysaccharides 1.starch 2. glycogen 3. cellulose 4. chitin 24 TYPES of Polysaccharides STARCH Stored energy in PLANTS Animals CANNOT store energy in this form, but they CAN digest and USE it for energy! Atheletes benefit from starch how? Starch TYPES of Polysaccharides GLYCOGEN Carbohydrate storage in ANIMALS Found in the liver. Glycogen Cellulose STRUCTURAL carbohydrate in in the cell wall of PLANTS SUPPORT and PROTECTION plants UNDIGESTABLE in our stomach BY humans ANIMALS BECAUSE WE DON’T HAVE AN ENZYME TO BREAK IT DOWN Chitin STRUCTURAL carbohydrate Cell walls of Fungi Exoskeleton of arthropods Lipids Waxes Oils Fats Steroids Functions of Lipids Energy Storage Insulation-Blubber! Helps create steroids Functions of Lipids Insulation- shock absorption protection of organs formation of cell membranes Make compounds called steroids - cholesterol and hormones (estrogen and testosterone, for example) Structure of Lipids Monomer is Glycerol + 3 fatty acids Structure of Lipids Polymer is called Triglycerides: Ex: animal fats (lard), butter, plant oils Phospholipids: 2 fatty acid chains & a phosphorus group; have polar & non-polar qualities. 36 Phospholipid Phosphate Head-hydrophilic (water attracting) Lipid Tail- hydrophobic (water repelling) 37 Why are Fatty Acids the “important part”? fatty acids are LONG chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms remember: bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms STORE ENERGY! So fats (with their 3 fatty acids) are PACKED with energy and are GREAT at energy storage EFFICIENT energy storage Because there are SO MANY C-H bonds in fatty acids, lipids are VERY efficient ways of storing energy. Fats produce more energy per gram than carbohydrates do! more efficient means better for animals lots of energy without much "baggage“ for animals that need to move. Efficient energy storage Some plants do use oils for energy storage Corn oil, peanut oil, etc. Efficiency is just not as important for plants since they don’t have to move around - so starch is still often the primary energy storage molecule for them Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats saturated fat - when each carbon in a fatty acid shares a single covalent bond with as many hydrogen atoms as possible causes the fatty acids to be very straight they can’t bend butter and lard Saturated Fat Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats unsaturated fat - a fatty acid that has at least two carbons double bonded to each other instead of two hydrogen atoms - causes the fatty acids to bend oils the carbons are NOT bound to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Saturated vs. Nonsaturated Fats Protein Functions – MANY! MOST IMORTANT: ENZYMES are made from protein Synthesis – builds every structures in organism cells Structure of Proteins Monomers is AMINO ACIDS Structure Amino Nitrogen group Carboxylic Group Protein Structure Amino acid monomers link together by covalent bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS. Proteins Proteins are also called polypeptides in reference to their peptide bonds. 48 That’s three names for Proteins: Proteins-Enzymes-Polypeptides All are the same thing!!!! I know science sucks sometimes 49 Making Proteins from Amino Acids Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for the chemical reactions in your body. CATALYST (Enzyme)- something that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to make the reaction happen. 52 Chemical reactions are what living things are all about. Most of the chemical reactions in your body, if left to themselves, would not happen quickly enough for you to survive. 53 Enzymes Enzymes have unique shapes LOCK AND KEY FIT designed to fit the chemicals that they are to "speed up" (the SUBSTRATES of the REACTION) The region of the enzyme that FITS the substrate specifically is called the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. The substrate BINDS with the enzyme at the enzyme's ACTIVE SITE. Enzymes Enzymes can either: bring two (or more) reactants together more quickly and force them to react stress bonds in a single substrate and cause it to break apart more easily http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/cha pter2/animation__how_enzymes_work.html Enzymes An enzyme itself is NOT CHANGED by the chemical reaction it catalyzes A single enzyme can repeat its catalytic activity with many, many substrate molecules - that is, it can be used over and over again. Enzymes are Reusable! 57 Enzyme catalyzed reaction Enzymes ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! If the shape of the enzyme's active site becomes damaged, it will be unable to bind with its substrate Thus, it will be unable to function. Enzyme concentration Effect on rates of enzyme activity as increase amount of enzyme = increases how fast the reaction happens more enzymes = more frequently they collide with substrate pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 DENATURED=If an enzyme loses its shape it is said to be denatured enzymes can be denatured by HEAT or temperature changes pH changes. 62 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity pH changes protein shape most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 Proteins (Polypeptides) • Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin(blood cell) 3. Regulatory: hormones (signals) 4. Movement: build muscles 5. Structural: cell membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale 20 Nucleic Acids Functions tell the cell how to function transmit genetic information to offspring Protein synthesis Cell differentiation Structure Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides Nucleic Acids Ribose Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base Many nucleotides linked together make a nucleic acid RNA and DNA are the two main examples