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Transcript
Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration 6.6 – 6.10 Redox reactions release energy when electrons fall from a hydrogen carrier to oxygen • Where do all the electrons come from for the redox reactions in the cells? • It comes from NADH made during the oxidation of glucose. • How do electrons make it to the electron carriers? • When NADH gives up electrons to electron carriers. • What keeps the electrons coming down the Electron transport chain? • O2 at the bottom pulls electrons down the energy hill. • What happens to the energy of the electrons as it falls down the electron transport chain? • The energy is used to pump H+ against their gradient which then come back through ATP synthase to generate ATP Two ways to make ATP. Chemiosmosis and … • Do you remember what chemiosmosis is? • When ATP is made by movement of Hydrogen ions from high to low concentration via the protein ATP synthase. • How does a high concentration of hydrogen ions form in the first place? • H+ ions are actively transported using electron energy … Substrate-level phosphorylation. • How does substrate-level phosphorylation differ from chemiosmosis? • No membrane is involved (no ETC). • So what does happen? • An enzyme helps transfer a phosphate from a substrate (an organic molecule) to an ADP making an ATP and a new organic molecule. • In which process will cells make more ATP, chemiosmosis or substrate-level phosphorylation. • More ATP is made in chemiosmosis. Respiration occurs in 3 stages: • What are the first two stages of cellular respiration? • Glycolysis and Krebs cycle. • Where does glycolysis take place? • In the cytoplasm. • What happens in glycolysis? • 2 pyruvic acids, 2ATP and 2NADH are made. Overview of Krebs cycle • Where does the Krebs cycle occur? • In the mitochondria. • What happens in the Krebs cycle? • Breaking down pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA then oxidizing it to CO2 and generating ATP, NADH & FADH2 • What way does glycolysis and Krebs cycle make ATP? • Substrate-level phosphorylation. • Where does glycolysis and Krebs cycle take energy from? • Food oxidized to CO2. • How are electrons carried to the top of the electron transport chain? • NAD+ and FAD (temporarily becoming NADH & FADH2) • How does the Electron transport chain, the third stage of respiration, make ATP? • By chemiosmosis, the movement of Hydrogen ions from high to low concentration via the protein ATP synthase Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to make pyruvic acid. • What are all the compounds called that form between input of glucose to output of Pyruvic acid? • Intermediates. Even though there are 9 reactions in glycolysis, we are only concerned with the net gain. • • • • • • • • Glycolysis means: Splitting of Sugar What starts glycolysis? An investment of energy in the forms of glucose and 2 ATP. What happens to that investment of energy? Becomes a payoff of energy resulting in 4 ATP and 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvate. What is produced during Glycolysis? 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 H+ and 2 H2O How is this like selling a house? Fix it up, invest to make it nice to get your payoff from selling it. Pyruvic acid is chemically groomed for the Krebs cycle • What happens inside the mitochondria to pyruvic acid? • 1) It is oxidized while NAD+ is reduced to NADH, 2) carbon is released in CO2, 3) coenzyme A joins remaining 2 carbon fragment to form Acetyl CoA • What is the Acetyl CoA used for? • It is used as fuel for the Krebs cycle, the next step. • For each molecule of glucose to enter glycolysis how many molecules of Acetyl CoA enter the Krebs cycle? • Two. Glycolysis- ch.7