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Reading notes quiz#1, answer 4 of 5: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. does irradiating food add radiation to food? Explain Describe the “octet rule” What are the two types of chemical bonds List at least 3 important properties of water Biological molecules are grouped into four categories; list at least 3 of these four. Reading Notes Quiz#2: Answer 3 of these 4 questions 1. Biological molecules are grouped into four categories. List 3 of these 4. 2. How do perms and relaxers work on hair? 3. Describe the difference between a monomer and a polymer; give an example of a monomer and a polymer (your example does not have to be a biomolecule). 4. Like all lipids, a triglyceride is insoluble in water because it lacks many fill in the blank functional groups. Triglycerides are used for fill in the blank and are made from two subunits, a single molecule of fill in the blank plus three molecules of fill in the blank. Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Fatty acids Glycerol Amino acid Glycogen Long-term energy storage Quick and ready source of energy Storing genetic information Making a phospholipid membrane What did this little piggy build his house with? (why does he build it with that that stuff, and how does he build it?) What do you get if you crack open a cell? What: You are what you eat! the four classes of biomolecules Lipids (fat) Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) Protein (amino acid) Carbohydrates (sugars) Why build a cell with these materials? What: Lipids (fat) Why (what is used for?): store energy (fats and oils) build cell membranes (cholesterol & phospholipids) cell to cell signaling (steroids) Sugar (carbohydrates) build cell structures (cellulose), quick energy (glucose) Protein build cell structures (microtubules) build cellular machines (enzymes) Nucleic acid store genetic information (DNA) How do you build a cell: Biomolecules are built using a carbon scaffold + functional groups Carbon scaffold (C and H) Functional groups (O, N, P, S) Analogy: train cars Analogy: Different cargo in each train car string of Christmas lights Different colored light bulbs monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer = polymer “Food” is a polymer, you tear it down into monomers a rebuild polymers Analogy: tear down a house into 2x4’s, bricks, windows, and rebuild Biomolecule #1 Lipids - water insoluble hydrocarbons (C + H): triglycerides (fats and oils) phospholipids cholesterol / steroids What’s their structure? What are they made from? What’s their function? One type of lipid: Triglycerides (fats and oils) glycerol + fatty acid (sugar alcohol) + (hydrocarbon) Why are hydrocarbons (like fatty acids) insoluble in water? WHAT IS A TRIGLYCERIDE USED FOR? Different types of fatty acids: Saturated: all bonds between carbon are single bonds Unsaturated: some double bonds between carbons (therefore less Hydrogens) cis vs trans affects there physical property Page 43, fig 3.13 Another type of lipid: Phospholipids Phospholipids - p 44, fig 3.14 how are these different from triglycerides (fats and oils)? (what are they made from?) What’s their function? Another type of lipid: cholesterol & steroids cholesterol & steroids - p 44, fig 3.15 how are these different from phospholipids and triglycerides? What are they made from? how are they similar? What’s their function? Biomolecule #1 Lipids - water insoluble hydrocarbons (C + H): triglycerides (fats and oils) long term energy storage phospholipids build cell membranes cholesterol / steroids building cell membranes & signaling between cells Lipids are insoluble in water because they are built from hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because they do not have any functional groups that form hydrogen bonds with water. Why is a water-insoluble molecule good for: storing energy, or building cell membranes, or signaling between cells? Biomolecule #2 Carbohydrates (sugars) - Carbon + H2O: monomers: glucose, fructose, galactose glycerol ribose, deoxyribose polymers: Disaccharides (lactose, maltose) starch glycogen Cellulose Chitin Carbohydrates monomers carbohydrates polymers: various uses starch, glycogen, cellulose chitin (glucose + NH2, amino functional group Biomolecule #2 Carbohydrates (sugars) - Carbon + H2O: monomers: glucose, fructose, galactose glycerol ribose, deoxyribose function: quick energy source build triglycerides build DNA, and RNA polymers: Disaccharides (lactose, maltose) starch glycogen Cellulose Chitin function: quick energy source energy storage (plants) energy storage (muscle) build structures build structures Biomolecule #3 Proteins - modified carbon skeleton backbone: backbone is amino + carbon + carboxylic acid, plus many diverse functional groups monomers: amino acids polymers: peptides/proteins enzymes Microtubules Hemoglobin Membrane proteins Protein monomer is amino acid. amino acids have modified carbon skeleton backbone: amino + carbon + carboxylic acid, plus many diverse functional groups Amino Acid Functional Groups: Proteins are the most versatile biomolecules because they are made from chemically diverse monomers (amino acids with many different functional groups) A protein (or peptide) is a polymer made from amino acids Biomolecule #3 Proteins …but what does a protein do? Just about everything! polymers: peptides/proteins enzymes Microtubules Hemoglobin Membrane proteins function: “machine” / metabolism used to build structures used to transport other molecules selective doorway into cell What’s an enzyme? What do I mean by “cellular machine”? Enzymes are “machines” that enable certain bonds to form or break faster than they would without the enzyme How do machines work? Shape determines function Cup Spoon Hammer knife How does a Protein do its function? It folds into a particular shape. Primary structure: String of amino acids Secondary structure: Backbone H-bonds with self, making helix or sheet Tertiary structure: Functional groups determines shape shape determines function/activity ADH (Alcohol DeHydrogenase) protein structure QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Proteins can unfold (denature) Too hot Too acidic or too basic Biomolecule #4: Nucleic acids nitrogen-containing “base” + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate Monomer (nucleotide bases): A (Adenine) T (Thymine) and U (Uracil) G (Guanine) C (Cytosine) function: energy “currency” Polymer: DNA RNA function: store genetic information “translate” from DNA to protein Nucleic acid monomers (nitrogen-containing “base”+ sugar + phosphate) and polymers (polynucleotide, example: DNA, RNA) How does DNA store information? RNA “translates” information stored in DNA into a protein that can actually do something (enzyme, structural scaffold, etc) Chemical Nature of DNA: good for storing genetic information - O P O H G O N O N O - O R O T/U charged phosphodiester O l inkages - N H O H O H N O N H N P O A R N H X N C N O X O O R N H N N A O O N N H N N polyanionic - prevent folding, therefore structure not changed by encoded information (imagine if the property of the message you wrote on paper changed the physical properties of the paper/info) - O R H O H N N R T/U P O X nucleobase pairs O N O O O P N N H O sugar H O O P O OO P O N O G O H - O N O O N N N O O O P O - N DNA stores information well: C O O O H H X P N N O O H N O O O - Repeating charge does not fold easy to copy because of double helix with base pairing (like shaking hands) stable Chemical Nature of Protein: good for building structures and catalyzing chemical reactions direction of polypeptide chai n H Repeating dipole can fold = conformation .. .. O R H H N O R H N N H .. H O H O .. .. RH HR O RH .. HR N O H N N N H + + R2 R4 + + - R3 R5 + + R6 + - N H R O H H R .. O + - R1 .. direction of polypeptide chai n Amino acids contain chemical functionality that are primarily responsible for catalysis Hydrogen bonds holding strands together R = aminoacids Proteins are made of 20 amino acids, offering many different chemical functionalities (positive and negative charges, hydrophobic, base, thiol) Therefore proteins can fold into many shapes, and their physical propeties (function) can change dramatically Step back and wonder Why are there 4 nucleotides in DNA Why those particular 4 nucleotides? Why 20 amino acids? Why those particular 20 amino acids? Why is there RNA? Why does RNA use AGCU and DNA use AGCT? Does life have to use DNA, RNA and protein?