Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Click to get Assignment File
Document related concepts
Transcript
Life’s Chemistry Chapter 3 Organic Carbon Compounds compounds compounds of living organisms All contain Carbon atoms Has 4 available electrons -valence electrons Allows for great variety of compounds Rings Chains branches Functional Groups A cluster of atoms that influence or control the molecule they are a part of and who they react with Hydroxyl (OH) – part of all alcohols (carbohydrates) and lipids Carboxyl (COOH) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins, also part of lipids Amine (NH2) – part of amino acids which are part of proteins Phosphates – (PO4) – found in nucleic acids, and sugars (carbohydrates) Functional Groups, cont Hydrocarbons – molecules that contain only C&H Ex. Gasoline Add a functional group – changes the hydrocarbon FG can be molecules that contain P, S, N that change function of hydrocarbon Life depends on FOUR Major Organic Molecules Molecules that contain carbon in combination with hydrogen and functional groups Four major groups: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids POLYMERS EXPAND PROPERTIES OF MONOMERS Monomer – single unit molecules Polymers: - monomers bonded together Creates different characteristics Prefix – indicates number of monomers bonded Mono-1 Di-2 Tri-3 Oligo -5 to 100 Poly – more than 100 Large Carbon Molecule Monomer – small simple molecules Polymers - repeated monomers • • Building Polymers Relies on Common Chemical Reactions Dehydration synthesis – the process of building polymers • Made by loosing a water molecule Hydrolysis - the process of breaking down polymers by inserting water • Ex. Digestion Creating and Breaking polymers Dehydration synthesis: at H on one monomer and OH on another monomer Hydrolysis – breaks monomers apart Carbohydrates Organic molecules Made of CHO Source of immediate energy Sugars and starches Found in pasta, breads, rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, etc. Monosaccharide has 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Differs by how many C they contain (37) Differ by how many atoms are bonded together Carbohydrates, con’t Glucose is the simplest sugar- that provides energy for cells Most common: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), galactose Isomers – same formula but different shape Glucose- blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar Galactose Carbohydrates, con’t Disaccharides- smallest complex carb 2 monos bonded together via dehydration Sucrose (table sugar)= fructose + glucose Found in sugarcane, sugar beets Lactose (milk sugar) =glucose + glactose Maltose – 2 glucose bonded Provides energy in sprouting seeds Used to make beer Carbohydrates, con’t Polysaccharide- provide energy storage and structure Chains of sugars bonded together (aka complex carbohydrate) – up to 1000’s of monomers- usually glucose . Carbohydrates, con’t Polysaccharides’ con’t Cellulose – found in plant cell walls – hard/impossible to digest Carbohydrates, con’t Polysaccharides’ con’t Starch – STORED within cell plants – easy to digest Chitin – 2nd most common in nature Resembles cellulose, but OH functional group replaced with one that has N Forms exoskeleton of many arthropods (insects, spiders crustaceans) and cell wall of fungi Starch Lipids Lipid – composed of fat and oil Nonpolar organic molecule Composed of CHO – no ratio, some P, less O than carbs Dissolve organic solvents but not in water Necessary for vitamin uptake Necessary for growth Store lots of energy (2X/g than carbs) Lipids, con’t Compose most of cell membranes (phospholipids) Humans – nerve transmission speeds up due to lipids around nerves (mylin) Waxes coat leaves, fur and feathers (water repellent) Human milk – rich in lipids Fat cells become adipose tissue in animals (white adipose Brown adipose – in hibernating animals – converts directly to heat Lipids, con’t Fatty Acids- most abundant type of LIPID Hydrophobic ends (water hating)- typical of both ends of a FA Make up phospholipids and Triglycerides (not waxes and sterols) Simplest lipid in nature Hydrocarbons up to 36 C with acidic funtional group at one end Lipids, con’t Fatty acid, con’t Can be saturated FA– all C-C single bonds holds all the H possible Solid at room temp Not healthy- butter or lard Unsaturated FA some C=C double bonds Causes FA to kink and spread tails More H could be added Liquid at room temp Plants are more unsaturated – olive oil More healthy fat Lipids, types con’t Triglycerides 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (dehydration synthesis) Saturated : butter and animal fat, solid at room temp Saturated with hydrogen – no double bonds Unsaturated: plant seeds, soft and liquid at room temp DOUBLE bonds – mono unsaturated = 1 double bond Phospholipids Found in cell membranes (lipid bi-layer) 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol attached to a phosphate Has one FA replaced by a phosphate group Phosphate is VERY negative –hydrophilic Other end is hydrophobic Lipids, types con’t Sterols – make up hormones and Cholersterol 4 fused carbon rings Slight changes yield Hormones Vitamins Cholesterol » Produced in liver » Keeps cell membranes fluid » Can be modified into Sex hormones – testosterone and estrogen Lipids, types con’t Waxes protect cells Long FA attached + alcohol (OH functional group Waterproof plants, water repellent, waterproof fur, feathers, leaves, fruits, some stems. Organic Proteins Highly Diverse Molecules compound Made of CHON + S or P Protein, con’t Amino acid composed of Amine (NH2) Carboxyl group R group (unique to each amino acid) H atom Central C atom Proteins are polypeptides 20 naturally occurring amino acids Makes infinite variety of proteins Proteins, con’t Monomer is called an amino acid- makes a poly peptide chain Polymer is amino acids bonded to each other Peptide bonds created by dehydration synthesis – carboxyl group of one aa and nitrogen group of another aa Dipeptide, tri, oligo and poly etc Proteins have a 3-dimensional shape (conformation): • primary (1o) structure - amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain • secondary (2o) structure - coiling & folding produced by hydrogen bonds • tertiary (3o) structure - shape created by interactions between R groups • quarternary (4o) structure - shape created by interactions between two or more polypeptides A change to the shape of a protein causes denaturation. Levels of Protein Structure Primary chain Secondary – H bonds between parts of peptide backbone Coils, sheets, loops, combination of all 3 Motifs, common patterns from secondary fold Alpha helices Beta-pleated sheets Tertiary- interactions between R groups with each other or water Disulfide bond Abundant in keratin (forms hair, scales, beaks, wool, and hooves Causes the permanent wave in hair curls Quaternary More than one poly peptide Held together by H or ionic bonds hemoglobin Proteins, con’t Functions Movement – muscle compounds are protein Structure – forms connective fibers Proteins, con’t Functions, con’t Transport – hemoglobin transports oxygen Storage – casein in milk stores amino acids for babies Proteins, con’t Functions, Regulation con’t – some hormones – insulin Proteins, con’t Functions, con’t Defense – antibodies are proteins Proteins, con’t Functions, con’t Biochemical control – enzymes (life’s catalysts) » Proteins that speed up reactions » Substrate – what the enzyme is acting uponsubstance being changed » Active site – where the enzyme binds and where change takes place Protein, con’t Denaturation – caused by loss of homeostasis Destroys structure Soap breaks ionic hydrophbic interactions Salting does the same Heat also Nucleic Acids-Carriers of the Genetic Blue Print VERY large molecules Two kinds DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Contain hereditary information Double helix RNA- ribonucleic acid Transfers DNA information to make proteins Some act as enzymes Single strand Nucleic Acid, con’t Complex molecule containing nucleotides Sugars DNA – deoxy-ribose sugar (5 carbon) RNA – ribose sugar (5 carbon) Phosphates Nitrogen bases DNA Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine RNA Cytosine Guanine Adenine Urasil DNA Contain information that will be copied to RNA Information leads to protein production by cell 3 bases in a row will code for a specific amino acid Aa adding up to a protein is part of the genetic code Gene Codes for an entire protein 2 strands of DNA are said to be “complimentary” RNA Single strand Makes use of DNA information without damaging DNA Some RNA acts as enzymes ATP is an RNA nucleotide Carries energy for all biological functions Urisil (U) (only in RNA)
