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Life Science Ch 3
Cell Processes
Matter
• Atoms – smallest unit of matter
– Electrons- negative particles around the
nucleus
– Nucleus – center of atom
• Protons – positive part of atom
• Neutrons – particle with no charge
ions
Elements
Another cool periodic table
Ununoctium is a
placeholder
assigned until
the element has
been given a
final name. Its
discovery has
been reliably
claimed, but
remains to be
independently
verified before a
name is
officially
assigned.
How Atoms Combine
• Compounds- 2 or more atoms chemically
combined.
• Mixtures- 2 or more substances that
physically combine
mixtures containing
compounds
Organic Compounds
(Macro Molecules of living organisms)
• All contain Carbon
• All living things are organic
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
• 1:2:1 Ration of CHO (carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen
• Found in pasta, breads, potatoes etc
Carbohydrates, con’t
• Sugars are carbohydrates
– Sucrose – table sugar
– Glucose – simplest sugar (from
photosynthesis)
• Sugars bond together to make
complex carbohydrates called
starches
• JOB: provides quick energy
Proteins
• Made of CHON ( carbon, hydrogen
oxygen and nitrogen
• JOB: build tissue
• Found in meats and beans
Proteins, con’t
• Enzymes – proteins that speed up reactions in
the body
• Made of small unit called amino acids (AA) put
together
Lipids- fats
• Made of CHO
• Found in the fats of meat, butter, oils
• Job: stores energy
Unsaturated Fats
Nucleic Acids
• DNA
– Found in nucleus of every cell
– Contains all hereditary information
– Directs cell activity
Nucleic Acid, con’t
• RNA
– Works for the boss (DNA)
– Makes proteins
– Found throughout the cell
Inorganic Compounds
• Compounds that do NOT
contain Carbon
– H2O – Water
– Ca3(PO4)2 - Calcium
Phosphate – in bones
– MANY others
Cell Transport
• What goes in or out of a cell
– nutrients,
Sugar molecules
– Wastes
Carbon Dioxide
– Cell products
Water
– oxygen
Oxygen
molecules
Cell membrane controls what goes in and outselective permeablility – some stuff can move
others not
Diffusion
• Substances move from an area where
there are many to an area where there are
few
Equilibrium – point at which
particles are equally distributed
Osmosis – same as diffusion only the
particles are water molecules
THREE KINDS OF TRANSPORT:
Passive Transport- movement that does not
require energy
Active Transport – movement that requires
energy molecules
Enclosure
Endocytosis- particles get engulfed
phagocytosis – engulfing LARGE stuff
Exocytosis – particles are spit out of cell
Energy in Cells
• Trapping Energy for life
– Where do you get energy
• From the food you eat
– Where does the food get energy
• From the sun
2 groups of organisms based on where they get food
Energy, con’t
• 2 groups of organisms based on where
they get food
– Producers – photosynthesize
• Trap sun’s energy and put it in sugar (glucose)
• Make their own food
– Consumers
• Eat producers
• Can’t make their own food
"I MUST BE A HETEROTROPH I CAN'T MAKE THESE !!"
Energy in cells, con’t.
• Photosynthesis
– Process of capturing energy and trapping it in
the bonds of carbohydrate sugars.
Photosynthesis, con’t.
• Pigments (such as chlorophyll which is
green) trap the sunlight
Photosynthesis, con’t.
• Producers use some of their
carbohydrates (sugars) for themselves0
• Producers STORE some of their
carbohydrates
• Photosynthesis takes place in the
chloroplast
Releasing Energy for Life
• All organisms have to release the energy in the
sugars
– This process is called cellular respiration (CR)
– Takes place in the mitochondria
– Glucose becomes ATP
Fermentation
• Fermentation is Cellular Respiration
WITHOUT oxygen
• NO ATP is made
• Instead lactic acid is made (hurts in
muscles
• Yeast do this
– Make Carbon dioxide
– Also make alcohol