Download Ch. 9-11 Review ppt.

Review – Carbohydrates,
Lipids, & Proteins
Biochemistry
THEME – Structure Dictates Function
Main Ideas
1) structure
2) transmission of genetic info.
3) metabolism
10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
Mono
di
oligo
poly
saccharides
10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates
Glucose:
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
Fructose
___ C’s
aldehyde/ketone
Stereoisomers
# isomers = optionspositions
9.1 Review of Isomerism
10.2 Monosaccharides
Recognizing structural relations:
For each of the following pairs of compounds, indicate whether the pair
consists of different compounds that are (1) constitutional isomers or (2)
stereoisomers that are enantiomers or (3) stereoisomers that are
diastereomers or (4) not isomers.
(a) D-Glucose and D-mannose (3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that
are not enantiomers
(b) D-ribose and D-xylulose
(1) Constitutional isomers; D-ribose is an
aldopentose and D-xylulose is a ketopentose
(c) D-fructose and D-arabinose (4) Not isomers; D-fructose is a hexose and Darabinose is a pentose
(d) D-sorbose and L-sorbose
(2) Enantiomers; they are nonsuperimposable
mirror images
(e) D-sorbose and D-fructose
(3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that
are not enantiomers
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Fischer
Projection
Haworth
Projection
Aldoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures
Fischer
Projection
Haworth
Projection
Ketoses exist primarily as hemiacetals.
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides solubility in water ________________
phase at room temp. ________________
highly concentration solutions are ____________
solubility in alcohols ________________
solubility in ethers & hydrocarbons _______________
taste ________________
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
The Oxidation of the Aldehyde group/Benedicts Test
Aldose
+
Cu2+
 carboxylic acid + Cu2O
a-hydroxy ketones like fructose are converted to aldoses in the alkaline
Benedicts soln, thus give a __________ test.
10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides
starch (a polymer) gives a ______________ test
Maltose (a disaccharide) gives a ___________ Benedict’s test.
a,b,Linkages and Benedicts Test Review
Ch. 11-What you really need to know…
1) What is a lipid (recognize structure)?
2) What is a fatty acid?
(draw structure)
3) Write the reaction for forming a triglyceride
and the saponification of a triglyceride.
4) What’s the difference between a saturated
and an unsaturated fat? How does that relate
to their m.p. and what phase they are at room
temperature?
5)Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins?
Roles of Biomolecules
Carbohydrates & Lipids -
Both Energy
Provide energy, precursors to
fat 9.2 kcal/g
biomolecules, construct cell
carbs 4 kcal/g
membranes
Proteins – Catalytic, transport, regulatory,
structural, contractile, protective, storage
Variety of roles due to complexity/diversity
of structure in protein folding
Nucleic Acids - transmission of genetic info.
KEY: Know structure
of fatty acids and
triglycerides. The rest
are simply “mostly
nonpolar”
11.2 Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Almost exclusively the linear
(unbranched) acids with even #’s C’s
C=C almost always cis
Trans-fats?
11.2 Fatty Acids
11.3 The Structure and Physical
Properties of Triacylglycerols
11.4 Chemical Reactions of
Triacylglycerols
Hydrolysis:
Amino Acid Structure
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure
of a-amino acids
• amino acids can react with themselves to
form a zwitterion
12.2 The Zwitterion Structure
of a-amino acids
• pH changes affect the structure of amino
acids
12.3 Peptides
Peptide – a polyamide formed from amino acids
linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide – a few to hundreds/thousands of
amino acids
Protein – Usually 2+ polypeptides (along with
other molecules or ions)
peptide
formation:
12.3 Peptides
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Simple Protein –
Conjugated Protein
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
Levels of Structure
Primary (1º)
Amino acid sequence
Secondary (2º) Conformation in a local region
Tertiary (3º) When diff. 2 structures in diff. local
regions interact
Quaternary (4º) 3D relation among diff. proteins
What gives rise to conformation stability
1) Shielding of nonpolar amino acids from
water
2) Hydrogen bonding between peptide groups
3) Attractive interactions between side groups of
amino acids.
4) Attractive interactions of side groups of polar
amino acids with water
5) Disulfide bridges
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
3)Attractive interactions between side groups of
amino acids.
a. Hydrophobic attractions
b. Hydrogen bonding
c. Salt-bridge
4)Attractive interactions of side groups of polar
amino acids with water
ex. globular proteins
fibrous proteins
12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins
What type of attraction would exist between side
chains of the following amino acids?
a)Pro-His
b)Ser-Tyr
c)Pro-Phe
d)Lys-Glu
e)Ser-Val
Positive Test Colors
TEST
Positive Color
Iodine
blue/black
For starch
Benedicts
For a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones
Ninhydrin
For amino group on amino acids
Biuret
For peptide group on proteins
red
blue
purple
Sudan III
 Dissolves in nonpolar solvents (lipids)