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Transcript
Review – Carbohydrates, Lipids, & Proteins Biochemistry THEME – Structure Dictates Function Main Ideas 1) structure 2) transmission of genetic info. 3) metabolism 10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Mono di oligo poly saccharides 10.1 Introduction to Carbohydrates Glucose: ___ C’s aldehyde/ketone Fructose ___ C’s aldehyde/ketone Stereoisomers # isomers = optionspositions 9.1 Review of Isomerism 10.2 Monosaccharides Recognizing structural relations: For each of the following pairs of compounds, indicate whether the pair consists of different compounds that are (1) constitutional isomers or (2) stereoisomers that are enantiomers or (3) stereoisomers that are diastereomers or (4) not isomers. (a) D-Glucose and D-mannose (3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers (b) D-ribose and D-xylulose (1) Constitutional isomers; D-ribose is an aldopentose and D-xylulose is a ketopentose (c) D-fructose and D-arabinose (4) Not isomers; D-fructose is a hexose and Darabinose is a pentose (d) D-sorbose and L-sorbose (2) Enantiomers; they are nonsuperimposable mirror images (e) D-sorbose and D-fructose (3) Diastereomers; they are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers 10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures Fischer Projection Haworth Projection Aldoses exist primarily as hemiacetals. 10.3 Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures Fischer Projection Haworth Projection Ketoses exist primarily as hemiacetals. 10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides Monosaccharides solubility in water ________________ phase at room temp. ________________ highly concentration solutions are ____________ solubility in alcohols ________________ solubility in ethers & hydrocarbons _______________ taste ________________ 10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides The Oxidation of the Aldehyde group/Benedicts Test Aldose + Cu2+ carboxylic acid + Cu2O a-hydroxy ketones like fructose are converted to aldoses in the alkaline Benedicts soln, thus give a __________ test. 10.4 Chem. & Phys. Prop. of Monosaccharides starch (a polymer) gives a ______________ test Maltose (a disaccharide) gives a ___________ Benedict’s test. a,b,Linkages and Benedicts Test Review Ch. 11-What you really need to know… 1) What is a lipid (recognize structure)? 2) What is a fatty acid? (draw structure) 3) Write the reaction for forming a triglyceride and the saponification of a triglyceride. 4) What’s the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? How does that relate to their m.p. and what phase they are at room temperature? 5)Fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins? Roles of Biomolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids - Both Energy Provide energy, precursors to fat 9.2 kcal/g biomolecules, construct cell carbs 4 kcal/g membranes Proteins – Catalytic, transport, regulatory, structural, contractile, protective, storage Variety of roles due to complexity/diversity of structure in protein folding Nucleic Acids - transmission of genetic info. KEY: Know structure of fatty acids and triglycerides. The rest are simply “mostly nonpolar” 11.2 Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Almost exclusively the linear (unbranched) acids with even #’s C’s C=C almost always cis Trans-fats? 11.2 Fatty Acids 11.3 The Structure and Physical Properties of Triacylglycerols 11.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols Hydrolysis: Amino Acid Structure 12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of a-amino acids • amino acids can react with themselves to form a zwitterion 12.2 The Zwitterion Structure of a-amino acids • pH changes affect the structure of amino acids 12.3 Peptides Peptide – a polyamide formed from amino acids linked by peptide bonds Polypeptide – a few to hundreds/thousands of amino acids Protein – Usually 2+ polypeptides (along with other molecules or ions) peptide formation: 12.3 Peptides 12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins Simple Protein – Conjugated Protein 12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins Levels of Structure Primary (1º) Amino acid sequence Secondary (2º) Conformation in a local region Tertiary (3º) When diff. 2 structures in diff. local regions interact Quaternary (4º) 3D relation among diff. proteins What gives rise to conformation stability 1) Shielding of nonpolar amino acids from water 2) Hydrogen bonding between peptide groups 3) Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids. 4) Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water 5) Disulfide bridges 12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins 3)Attractive interactions between side groups of amino acids. a. Hydrophobic attractions b. Hydrogen bonding c. Salt-bridge 4)Attractive interactions of side groups of polar amino acids with water ex. globular proteins fibrous proteins 12.5 The 3-D Structure of Proteins What type of attraction would exist between side chains of the following amino acids? a)Pro-His b)Ser-Tyr c)Pro-Phe d)Lys-Glu e)Ser-Val Positive Test Colors TEST Positive Color Iodine blue/black For starch Benedicts For a-hydroxy aldehydes and ketones Ninhydrin For amino group on amino acids Biuret For peptide group on proteins red blue purple Sudan III Dissolves in nonpolar solvents (lipids)