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DNA Edited by: Mr. Cistaro 01/13/13 •What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic Made Acid up of 4 “chemical bases” A=Adenine G=Guanine T=Thymine C=Cytosine Made up of 2 “backbones” Sugar Phosphate The base bonds to the sugar •What is DNA? When it comes to DNA… A=Adenine ALWAYS BONDS TO T=Thymine G=Guanine ALWAYS BONDS TO C=Cytosine •What does DNA do? DNA contains all of the instructions necessary to build and operate a living organism. DNA molecules can be found inside the cells of all living things. •What does this mean? DNA is found inside the cells of all living things, and that the structure of the DNA molecule is the same in all living things. •What does this mean? Because the structure of the DNA molecule is the same in all living things… the diversity of life is the result of differences within the DNA sequence. •How does DNA replicate? In DNA replication, the double-helix “ladder” is untwisted and the two strands are separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. Next, two new strands are made by reading each side of the DNA ladder, one step (base) at a time. At each step, the matching base fills in (with its associated sugar and phosphate) to complete the rung and lengthen the new DNA strand. When the When the process is complete, there are two identical DNA double-helices, each containing one original and one new strand. RNA Edited by: Mr. Cistaro 01/13/13 •What is RNA? Ribonucleic Made Acid up of 4 “chemical bases” A=Adenine G=Guanine T=Thymine U=Uracil C=Cytosine Made up of 1 “backbone” Sugar (Ribose) Phosphate The base bonds to the sugar •What is RNA? When it comes to RNA… A=Adenine ALWAYS BONDS TO U=Uracil G=Guanine ALWAYS BONDS TO C=Cytosine •What does RNA do? RNA reads the DNA, copies a gene (transcription) and moves to the ribosomes where it is “read” (translation). Each 3 base pairs code for an amino acid. Recall that a protein is made up of many amino acids. •What does this mean? •What does this mean? Remember how the structure of the DNA molecule is the same in all living things? Turns out that the Genetic Code is the same too! •To recap • • • • After a cell has “chosen” a gene from which it will build a protein, it makes a copy of the information in the form of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to send to the protein-building machinery. The synthesis of a RNA molecule from a DNA template is referred to as transcription. The structure of RNA is very similar to DNA in that it has a sugar-phosphate backbone to which the chemical bases are attached. However, there are some important differences: • • • • (1) RNA is single-stranded and therefore does not form a double helix (2) the sugar used to form the backbone is slightly different (3) the chemical base thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U) The synthesis of amino acids from a RNA template is referred to as translation •LAST SLIDE! Questions?