Download Ch. 19: Blood

Ch. 19: Blood
Fluid connective tissue with cells
suspended in a fluid matrix
Cardiovascular system
• Cardio = heart; acts as pump
• Vascular = series of tubes; connections
• Body has over 75 trillion total cells
19.1 Functions of Blood
• TRANSPORT and DELIVERY of nutrients like
sugar and amino acids, O2, elimination of wastes
like NH4
▫ Cells without blood supply die in about 4 minutes
• DEFENSE of the body
▫ Antigens and antibodies of immune system
• REGULATION of ions and pH
• CLOTTING to decrease blood volume lost
• Regulation of TEMPERATURE
Physical Characteristics of Blood
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“whole blood”
38 C or 100 F
5X viscosity of water
7.35 – 7.45 pH
Volume = 7% of mass
▫ 150 pounds = roughly 5 L ( or 5 quarts)
 5 liters is about 11 pints
▫ Full grown adult male – 5 to 5.5 L
▫ Full grown adult female – 4 to 5 L
19.2 Plasma
• 46 – 63 % of blood volume
▫ 7 % proteins = albumin (60% for pressure), globulin
(35 % antibodies), fibrinogen (4 % clotting), mostly
from the liver
▫ 1 % solutes = fatty acids, amino acids, Na, K, Cl, Ca,
Mg, HCO3, HPO4, SO4
▫ 92 % water
• Ringer’s solution
▫ Isotonic saline solution used to maintain volume;
doesn’t carry any O2
• Artificial Blood – current research
19.3 Formed elements
• 37 – 54 % of blood
▫ < 1 % platelets
▫ < 1% WBC (white blood cells)
▫ 99% RBC (red blood cells)
19.3 Red Blood Cells
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260 million RBS in every ‘drop’ of blood
Total amount ~ 25 trillion RBCs in 5 L
1000 RBC : 1 WBC
Biconcave disc for maximum SA : Vol
Stack as they go through capillaries
Lose nuclei – so can not divide
Last 120 days ( 700 miles)
Formed in red marrow, liver, spleen, thymus by
erythropoiesis
• Recycled by liver , spleen and marrow
19.4 Blood Typing
• Over 50 surface antigens
• Only usually worry about A/B and Rh +/• Is blood is mis-matched agglutination (clumping
or clotting) will occur
• Type (genetic genotype) antigen
antibodies
▫ “A” (AA, AO)
▫ “B” (BB, BO)
▫ “AB” (AB)
A
B
B
A
A and B none
▫ “O” (OO)
“zero”
A and B
get
given to
A, O
B, O
A
B
A, B, AB, O
AB
O
All
19.5 White Blood Cells
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White because lack hemoglobin ( leuko = white)
Seen with Wrights stain
All can migrate through connective tissues
All can do amoeboid movement
All have positive chemotaxis
Neutrinophils, eosinophils and monocytes can
all perform phagocytosis.
WBC Types
• Granular
▫ Neutrinophils; 1st to injury, nonspecific
▫ Eosinophils; attack cells with anitbodies, parasitic
infections, nonspecific, increase during allergic
reactions
▫ Basophils; histamine, dilation of blood vessels,
nonspecific
• Agranular
▫ Monocytes; phagocytic, nonspecific
▫ Lymphocytes ; specific immune reactions
 T cells – cell mediated immunity
 B cells – humoral immunity
 Killer cells – immune system surveillance
19.6 Platelets
• Cell fragments
• Used to help form clots
▫ Chemical reaction
▫ Physical patch
▫ Shrink clot
19.7 Clotting vs. Shock
• Clotting
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Vessel contracts
Platelets aggregate and form plug
Need vitamin K and Ca +2 to form clots
Prostaglandins – regulate clotting
Heparin – impedes clotting
Aspirin (NSAIDS) – decrease prostaglandins,
increase bleeding time
• Shock
▫ Loss of blood so that pressure can not be
maintained