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Chapter 3 Overview
Biochemistry
Section 1-Carbon Compounds
• Water is needed by all living things BUT
• Carbon is what all living things are made
of
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic
compounds do
NOT contain
carbon atoms
Organic compounds
are made mostly of
CARBON
In living things, if it
is not water, it
probably is carbon
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
• What is the difference between ionic
and covalent?
http://ithacasciencezone.com/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/dogbonds.htm
Organic or Inorganic?
Organic Compounds
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer
energy level
How many needed in outer shell to be
stable?
Carbon bonds easily with other atoms
Carbon will often bond with itself
2 electrons
being shared
Organic Compounds
• Contain Carbon
• Carbon can have
single, double, or
triple bonds
Functional Groups
Are clusters of atoms that react together
Are common in organic compounds
OH (hydroxyl) acts
as a single atom
NH2 (amino) and
COOH (carboxyl)
acts as a single
atom
Large Carbon Molecules
• Monomers-similar to
functional groups but slightly
larger
• Polymers-repeating chains of
monomers
• Macromolecules-repeating
polymers creating Proteins,
Carbohydrates, Lipids, and
Nucleic Acids
Linking and Breaking Apart
• Condensation Reaction
• Hydrolysis
DS=Condensation Reaction
Cells also have the
ability to break down
polymers using a
process called
hydrolysis. During
hydrolysis, a water
molecule is added to the
polymer to break it apart
(See right).
Monomers are joined together by cells to
form polymers during a process called
dehydration synthesis (condensation
reaction). During dehydration synthesis, a
hydroxyl (OH) group is removed from one
monomer and a hydrogen is removed from
the other to join them together to form a
polymer. During this process, water is
produced (see left).
Energy Currency
• ATP
Section 2 Molecules of Life
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Carbon,
hydrogen, and
oxygen
1C:2H:1O
Ratio
Source of
energy OR
used by body
as
STRUCTURAL
material
• Monosaccharides-simple sugar
• Disaccharides-double sugar
• Polysaccharides-3 or more saccharides
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (in
that order)
Ratio of 1:2:1
(CH20)n where n can be any number, what if
n= 2, 6, 9, 20?
Monosaccharides
-monomer carbohydrate
-Glucose (cell energy)
-Fructose (sweetest,
fruits)
-Galactose (milk)
Protein
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen AND nitrogen
Amino acid monomers
join together to form
proteins
Hair, horns, skin,
muscles, enzymes
Proteins
• Amino Acids-20
types-carbon,
hydrogen, carboxyl,
amino, and R GROUP
• Dipeptides and
Polypeptides
• Enzymes
Cause reactions to
occur
Amino Acids join together
by peptide bonds
L
i
p
i
d
s
•Do not dissolve in water
•Higher ration of
Carbon/Hydrogen to Oxygen
than carbohydrates
•Can store larger amounts of
energy
Fatty Acids
-ends are water opposite
-saturated: carbon have 4 bonds
-unsaturated: some carbontocarbon (double)
Lipid Types
• Triglycerides-3 fatty acids to an alcohol glycerol
-Saturated=butter/red meat fat
-UNsat.=germinating plants
• Phospholipids-2 fatty acids vs. 3
-cell membrane
• Waxes-waterproof, earwax, plant leaf coating
• Steroids-hormones
-cholestorol
-component of cell
membrane
Nucleic Acids
oDNA Found in the nucleus
of cells
oRNA Transfers information
out of nucleus
oMade of nitrogen base,
phosphate, and sugar
oNitrogen Bases=A&T, G&C
Chapter Review
•
•
•
•
•
•
Organic/Inorganic
Functional Groups
Monomer, Polymers, Macromolecules
Hydrolysis, Condensation Reaction
ATP
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic
Acids
Resources
Internet Sites:
http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/Cell_Chemistry.htm
http://www.creation-science-prophecy.com/amino/index.html
http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/organic.htm
http://www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/courseinfo/chem1002/ch14.html
http://www.ntnu.no/~krill/mineralogee/10.htm
http://ithacasciencezone.com/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/dogbonds.htm
http://www.biology-books.com/Standard/standard.html#options
http://www.picsearch.com/info.cgi?q=hydrolysis&cid=782937693146
http://www.picsearch.com/info.cgi?q=carbohydrates&cid=694883773391
http://www.pemms.co.uk/laughs.html (science jokes)
http://www.urlbaron.com/FreeGreetingsCards_fun_cow_jokes.htm (cow jokes)