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Transcript
Macromolecules CP Biology Carbon compounds: Macromolecules -There are four main groups of macromolecules in living things: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins -Macromolecules are made from many smaller molecules in a process called polymerization -Polymerization: Smaller units called monomers join together to make polymers 1. Carbohydrates -They are made of: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 -Carbohydrates are sugars (words ending in “ose”) -Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Some organisms like plants use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Simple Sugars (Monosaccharides & Disaccharides) -The human body can only use sugar in the simplest form (monosaccharides). -examples: glucose (C6H12O6,), galactose (component of milk), fructose -Double sugars are called disaccharides. -examples: -sucrose (C12H22O11) consists of glucose and fructose. -lactose consists of galactose and glucose “-ose” and “saccharide” mean SUGAR Complex Carbohydrates -The large macromolecules made from monosaccharides are called polysaccharides. -Many plants store extra sugar as polysaccharides known as starches.-Plants also make a polysaccharide called cellulose (gives plants their strength and rigidity. Your paper is made of cellulose!) -Many animals store extra sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen. -When the level of glucose in blood runs low, the glycogen stored is broken down into glucose which is released into the blood. Glycogen in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction (movement) -One example of a starch is called amylose, which is broken down by the enzyme amylase (found in the mouth) which breaks down amylose into simpler sugars, glucose and maltose -Remember: sugar is stored in starches (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) 2. Lipids -Are made from carbon and hydrogen. -Are not soluble in water (insoluble) -3 categories: fats, oils, waxes -In living things, are used to store energy, but are also important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. Examples: steroids, hormones (chemical messengers), fat, oil, soap Lipids (glycerol +fatty acids) -Lipids are polymers formed from two monomers: glycerol and fatty acids -Saturated: when each carbon atom in the fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond. Saturated means the fatty acids contain the max possible number of hydrogen atoms (butter, cheese, meat contain a lot of saturated fat) -Unsaturated: If there is at least one carbon-carbon double bond (Olive oil, liquid) -Polyunsaturated: A lipid whose fatty acids contain more than one double bond (sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil) 3. Nucleic Acids -Are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus -Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers called nucleotides. -Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate (-PO4) group and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic Acids -Some nucleotides, like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are important in capturing and transferring chemical energy. -Individual nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid. -In living things, nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information -2 examples of nucleic acids: RNA (ribonucleic acid contains ribose) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid - contains deoxyribose) 4. Protein -Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen -Proteins are polymers of monomers called amino acids. -Amino acids are compounds with an amino group on one end (NH2)and a carboxyl group on the other end (-COOH) -Covalent bonds called peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide -Multiple polypeptides join to form a protein -In living things, proteins make up cellular structures. Some control the rate of reactions (enzymes) and regulate cell processes, while others transport substances or help fight disease. Protein Structure & Function -20+ different amino acids exist in nature -All amino acids are identical in the parts where they can be joined together by covalent bonds -This uniformity allows any amino acid to join any other amino acid (The amino group bonds to a carboxyl group) -Amino acids differ from each other in a side chain called the R-group. R-groups can be basic, acidic, polar, nonpolar… -Proteins are the most diverse macromolecules! Amino Acids The shape of a protein is extremely important. The function of a protein is based on it’s shape! Enzymes speed up chemical processes in the body. An enzyme is a protein. What happens if the enzyme is denatured (changes shape)?