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How do we create energy? List as many sources of energy you can think of! 1. 2. 3. The activities of all living things require energy. Swimming, flying, growing, reproducing, and even the flashing of a firefly use energy. Energy for cells is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes I. Energy – ability to do work; forms of energy: heat, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, kinetic, potential A. Energy for living things comes from - food Originally the energy in food comes from - sun B. Uses light energy from the sun to produce food – autotrophs Examples: plants + some microorganisms (bacteria and protists) C. Cannot use the sun’s energy to make food – heterotrophs; obtain energy from food they consume Examples: animals, fungi, most microorganisms II. Cell Energy – needed for active transport, making proteins and nucleic acids, chemical signals (fireflies’ light) A. Cells usable source of energy – ATP 1. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate ATP 3 Phosphate groups adenine ribose 2. ADP stands for – adenosine diphosphate ADP 2 phosphate groups adenine ribose B. All energy is stored in the bonds of the compound Breaking the bond releases energy C. When cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP D. Example: ATP ADP + P + E from breaking bond ADP + Energy + P ATP http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=bbtqF9q_pFw&NR =1 Photosynthesis: • List at least three things you know about photosynthesis. • 1. • 2. • 3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ACTION III. Photosynthesis – energy of sunlight is converted to energy of glucose A. General Formula: H2O + CO2 + light water + carbon dioxide + light C6H12O6 + O2 glucose + oxygen B. 2 parts of photosynthesis: 1. light reaction – forms ATP and NADPH – contain chemical E, but are unstable 2. Calvin cycle (dark reaction) – uses E from ATP and NADPH to produce glucose C. Photosynthesis occurs in the organelle – chloroplast D. Light absorbing (and reflecting) compounds – pigments Most common photosynthetic compound – chlorophyll (a + b) Absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis to work Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b F. Sun’s energy is stored in – glucose light energy chemical energy CO2 + H2O + light Light Dep. Reactions: •Trap E of sun in chemical form •Produces O2, ATP, NADPH Light high E cmpds. C6H12O6 + O2 Chloroplast H2O Calvin Cycle: •Uses E from Light Dep. Reactions and CO2 to make glucose CO2 NADP+ ADP+P+ Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Light Dep. Reactions occur in thylakoid stroma—Calvin Cycle occurs here O2 released C6H12O6 produced CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT RXN SUN ATP NADPH THYLAKOID O2 STROMA GLUCOSE Take Ten… • With a neighbor, quietly work on the next page in your notes. IV. Cellular Respiration – process by which E of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…) CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN ACTION A. General Formula: C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP B. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms – plants, animals, bacteria C. Energy stored by photosynthesis in glucose is converted into the energy of – ATP Cellular Respiration Basic Concept… • Cells break down GLUCOSE (sugar) through a series of chemical reactions • That stored energy of glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP molecules, the cell’s energy currency. Defining… • Respiration = the process by which food molecules are BROKEN DOWN to release energy E. Respiration requiring oxygen – aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP 1. organelle occurring in – mitochondria Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy. E. Respiration NOT requiring oxygen – anaerobic respiration (an = without) Also called – fermentation 1. Alcoholic Fermentation: glucose ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP a. organisms -- yeast, bacteria b. industries – baking, brewing, wine-making 2. Lactic acid fermentation: glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP a. lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to tissues (burning painful sensation) 3. occurs in – cytoplasm ANAEROBIC alcoholic fermentation = 2 ATP glucose 2 pyruvic acid lactic acid fermentation = 2 ATP cytoplasm mitochondria AEROBIC Krebs cycle ETC = 36 ATP First…GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis (glyco = sugar; lysis = breaking) • A glucose molecule is broken down and changed into Pyruvic acid • Occurs with or without oxygen • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell (so bacteria can do this too!) • Result: • 2 molecules of ATP • NADH (electron carriers to be helpful later) • 2 Pyruvate SECOND…The Kreb’s Cycle (AKA the Citric Acid Cycle) • Occurs in the mitochondria within the mitochondrial matrix and requires oxygen. • Pyruvic acid (made from Glycolysis) is broken down into citric acid. • Citric Acid is broken down and releases CO2 during each step of the cycle. • ATP is also created • Also releases more high energy electrons • Input = Pyruvic Acid, NAD+, FAD_ (another electron carrier), and ADP • Output = NADH, FADH2, and ATP Third… THE ETC Electron Transport Chain • The ELECTRON Transport CHAIN (ETC) • An electron transport chain is a series of molecules along which electrons are transferred by carriers (input: NADH and FADH which were made previously), releasing energy • Molecules of the ETC are located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria • As the electrons are transferred, hydrogen ions build up and create a chemical gradient. • That gradient will cause hydrogen ions to diffuse to through the ATP Synthase, which is an enzyme that puts phosphates on ADP to make ATP. • Final electron acceptor in the transport chain is oxygen • Oxygen combines with 2 hydrogen ions to form a molecule of water • NADH and FADH are reduced to FAD+ and NAD+ and will be converted back to NADH and FADH again by glycolysis and krebs AEROBIC C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP High E e- carried in NADH O2 High E ecarried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic Acid 2 3-C molec. Glucose 1 6-C molec. Krebs cycle Glycolysis CO2 released Cytoplasm 2 Mitochondria 2 32 **E transferred from glucose to ATP 3 stages of aerobic respiration: 1. Glycolysis – cytoplasm, 2 ATP 2. Krebs cycle – mitochondria, 2 ATP 3. Electron Transport Chain – mitochondria, 32 ATP 36 ATP total E. T. C. H2O released ANAEROBIC Pyruvic Acid 2 3-C molec. Glucose 1 6-C molec. Glycolysis Mitochondria Cytoplasm 2 Yeast Bacteria Fermentation Alcoholic muscles Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid is formed as an end product of glycolysis When your muscles cells require energy at a faster rate than it can be supplied by aerobic respiration, they begin to carry out lactic acid fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, cells do not have the oxygen needed to do Krebs and ETC. Therefore, glycolysis is the only step performed. In lactic acid fermentation, cells must regenerate NAD+ so that they can continue. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoac h/cellresp/review5a.html Alcoholic Fermentation This is when ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products of fermentation Bacteria and yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation Alcholic fermentation is done in the absence of oxygen so Krebs and ETC cannot be performed. Just like lactic acid fermentation, NADH must be returned to its oxidized state (NAD+). http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoac h/cellresp/review5b.html