Download Chapter 15 The Nervous System

Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Table of Contents
15.1 HowPreview
Chapter
the Nervous System Works
15.2 How
15.1
Divisions
the Nervous
of the Nervous
SystemSystem
Works
15.3 Divisions
15.2
Sight and of
Hearing
the Nervous System
15.3
Hearing
15.4 Sight
Smell,and
Taste,
and Touch
15.4
Smell, Taste,
and Touch
15.5 Alcohol
and Other
Drugs
15.5 Alcohol and Other Drugs
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Which part of the skeletal system protects the brain?
a. spine
b. pelvis
c. skull
d. joint
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Which part of the skeletal system protects the brain?
a. spine
b. pelvis
c. skull
d. joint
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Which muscles can you control voluntarily?
a. heart muscles
b. leg muscles
c. diaphragm
d. stomach muscles
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Which muscles can you control voluntarily?
a. heart muscles
b. leg muscles
c. diaphragm
d. stomach muscles
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
3. What is the smallest unit of any body system?
a. structure
b. organ
c. tissue
d. cell
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
3. What is the smallest unit of any body system?
a. structure
b. organ
c. tissue
d. cell
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
4. What is the eye designed to receive from the
environment?
a. light rays
b. vibrations
c. lenses
d. motion
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Chapter Preview Questions
4. What is the eye designed to receive from the
environment?
a. light rays
b. vibrations
c. lenses
d. motion
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
How do organs and other structures enable the
nervous system to function?
You smell a delicious aroma. You walk
into the kitchen and see a bag of popcorn
in the microwave. You hear some kernels
still popping. Then you think to yourself,
“Snack time!” Which body systems
enabled you to smell, walk, see, hear,
and think? How did each system play a
part in your response?
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Suffixes
Suffix
-ant
Meaning of Suffix
A person or thing that
Example and Meaning of Example
Pollutant Something that
pollutes or makes dirty
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Suffixes
Suffix
-ism
Meaning of Suffix
Action or practice of
Example and Meaning of Example
Criticism Action of judging the
value of something
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Suffixes
Suffix
-ness
Meaning of Suffix
Condition of; state of
Example and Meaning of Example
Sickness Condition of
being sick
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Suffixes
Suffix
-ous
Meaning of Suffix
Having; full of
Example and Meaning of Example
Disastrous Full of disaster
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Apply It!
1. What is the suffix in the word nearsightedness? What does the
suffix mean?
-ness; it means the condition of being nearsighted
2. The word stimulate means “to increase activity. ” Predict the
meaning of stimulant. Revise your definition as needed after
you read Section 5.
Sample answer: It means something that increases activity.
Revised definition: A stimulant is a drug that speeds up body processes.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Section 1:
How the Nervous
System Works
What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the structure of a neuron and what kinds of neurons
are found in the body?
How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another?
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
The Neuron
A neuron has a large cell body that contains the
nucleus, threadlike extensions called dendrites,
and an axon.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
How a Nerve Impulse Travels
For a nerve impulse to be carried
along at a synapse, it must cross the
gap between the axon and the next
structure. The axon tips release
chemicals that carry the impulse
across the gap.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
More on Nerve Impulses
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity
about nerve impulses.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Nervous System
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
the nervous system.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Section:
How the Nervous
System Works
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Section 2: Divisions of
the Nervous System
What are the structures and functions of the central nervous
system?
What are the structures and functions of the peripheral nervous
system?
What is a reflex?
What are two ways in which the nervous system can be injured?
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system is the control
center of the body. It includes the brain and
spinal cord.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Nervous System Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about nervous system.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
The Brain
There are three main
regions of the brain that
receive and process
information. These are the
cerebrum, the cerebellum,
and the brain stem.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system consists of a network of
nerves that branch out from the central nervous system and
connect it to the rest of the body. The peripheral nervous
system is involved in both involuntary and voluntary actions.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Reflexes
A reflex is an automatic response that occurs very rapidly
and without conscious control.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Reflexes
A reflex is an automatic response that occurs very rapidly
and without conscious control.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Section:
Divisions of the
Nervous System
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Section 3:
Sight and Hearing
How do your eyes enable you to see?
How do you hear and maintain your sense of balance?
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Vision
You eyes respond to the stimulus of light. They convert that
stimulus into impulses that your brain interprets, enabling you
to see.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Virtual Dissection of the Eye Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about a virtual dissection of the eye.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Vision
Light coming from an object enters your eye and is focused
by the lens. The light produces an upside-down image on
your retina. Receptors in your retina then send impulses to
your cerebrum, which turns the image right-side up.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Hearing and Balance
Your ears are the sense organs that respond to the stimulus
of sound. Ears convert the sound to nerve impulses that your
brain interprets.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Sound Intensity
Sound intensity, or loudness, is
measured in units called decibels.
The threshold of hearing for the
human ear is 0 decibels. For every
10-decibel increase, the sound
intensity increases ten times. Thus,
a 20-decibel sound is ten times
more intense than a 10-decibel
sound. A 30-decibel sound is 100
times more intense than a 10decibel sound. Sound levels for
several sound sources are shown in
the bar graph.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Sound Intensity
Reading Graphs:
What unit of measure is
represented on the y-axis?
What is represented on the xaxis?
Decibels, or sound level; type
of sound
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Sound Intensity
Interpreting Data:
What is the sound intensity in
decibels of a whisper?
Normal talking? A rock
concert?
20dB; 60dB; 120dB
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Sound Intensity
Calculating:
How much more intense is
normal talking than a
whisper? Explain.
20 dB vs. 60 dB, which is
10,000 times more intense
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Sound Intensity
Predicting:
Based on the graph, what
types of sound could be
painful if you were exposed to
them?
Rock concert; jet plane taking
off
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Section:
Sight and Hearing
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Section 4: Smell,
Taste, and Touch
What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the structure of a neuron and what kinds of neurons
are found in the body?
How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another?.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Smell and Taste
The senses of smell and taste work closely together. Both
depend on chemicals in food or in the air. The chemicals
trigger responses in receptors in the nose and mouth.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Links on the Senses
Click the SciLinks button for links on the senses
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Section: Smell,
Taste, and Touch
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Section 5: Alcohol
and Other Drugs
What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the structure of a neuron and what kinds of neurons
are found in the body?
How do nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another?
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Drug Abuse
Drug abuse can have serious consequences. However, there
are ways to tell if someone is abusing drugs and ways to
help that person.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Alcohol
Alcohol is a drug found
in many beverages,
including beer, wine,
cocktails, and hard
liquor. Alcohol is a
powerful depressant
and affects every
system of the body.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
Links on Drug Addiction
Click the SciLinks button for links on drug addiction.
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
End of Section:
Alcohol and
Other Drugs
Chapter 15 The Nervous System
QuickTake Quiz
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