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Chapter 7
Altered States of
Consciousness
Section 1 Objective
Sleep and Dreams
Discuss the four stages
of sleep and the period
of dreaming.
Define
Consciousness: state of
awareness, including a persons
feeling, sensations, ideas, and
perceptions.
REM sleep: sleep stage with rapid
eye movement, high brain act,
deep muscle relaxation, and
dreaming.
Sleep apnea: sleep disorder in
which a person has trouble
breathing while asleep.
Narcolepsy: uncontrolled falling
asleep or feelings of sleep
during the day.
Nightmares: unpleasant dreams.
Circadian Rhythm: rhythm of act
and impact lasting about 1 day.
Night Terrors: sleep disruption that
occur during stage 4; involve
screaming, panic, or confusion.
Insomnia: failure to get enough
sleep at night in order to feel
rested during the day.
Sleep Walking: walking or carrying
out behaviors while asleep.
Complete a chart on Freud’s
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
PreConscious
- Perception
- Thoughts
- Memories
- Stored
Knowledge
Unconsciou
s
--Selfish needs
-- Irrational
Wishes
-- Immoral
Urges
-- Shameful
Experiences
-- Fears
-- Violent
Motives
-- Unacceptable
Describe the following during
the levels of sleep.

Stage 1 Pulse slows, Muscles
relax, Breathing & brain activity
become uneven. Can last up to
10 minutes. Production of Theta
waves, brain waves shift from
low amp & high frequency to
high amp and low frequency.

Stage 2 Eyes move side to
side, and can last up to 30
minutes

Stage 3 Large amp Delta
waves sweep brain every
second or so
Describe the following during
the levels of sleep.

Stage 4 Deepest sleep of all
and is hard to awaken from.
Large regular Delta waves are
common. When awakened, one
is disoriented. Sleepwalking,
talking, bed wetting with no
memory is common. This stage
must be reached for mental and
physical health.

REM Sleep Eyes move
rapidly, adrenal and sex
hormones increase. Body
becomes paralyzed, while face
and fingers twitch.
The amount of sleep on
needs decreases as one
gets older, while the
percentage of time in REM
sleep increases
True
What causes jet lag?
Circadian cycle not instinct with external clock.
Give causes for the following
disorders:

Insomnia mental stress, anxiety, over use of
drugs & alcohol

Sleep Apnea Enlarged tonsils, throat & ear
infections, obesity

Narcolepsy Lack of sleep causing them to
have problems at work, leisure, & relationship

Nightmares & Terrors Disturbing thoughts,
unconscious ides, inability to resolve issues
(trauma)

Sleepwalking and talking Stress, fatigue, use
of sedatives, and heredity. Contrary to popular
belief, it is ok to wake them.
When would
you have your
most vivid and
longest
dreams?
During your last REM cycle
T/F Dreams
are usually
pleasant and
soothing.
False, dreams are usually about
fear, anxiety, and sadness
From your own ideas & thoughts: Explain
the purpose of dreams.
 Allow us to resolve
problems from the
day
 Do some mental
housecleaning: get
rid of non-needed
memories
In dealing with dreams, what
do the following mean
Manifest Content
Refers to the
storyline,
images and
perceptual
aspects
Latent Content
Meanings (the
hidden) that come
from unconscious
wishes
Section 1 RecapSleep and Dreams
Main Idea:
Sleep—an
essential state
of
consciousness
—involves
stages and
periods of
dreaming.

■Some researchers believe that
sleep is restorative. Others believe
sleep is a type of hibernation,
necessary to conserve energy. Still
others believe sleep clears the mind
of useless information.

■ There are several stages of
sleep—from Stage I, the lightest
level of sleep, to Stage IV, the
deepest level of sleep. REM sleep is
an active type of sleep characterized
by rapid eye movement.

■ Sometimes people have problems
falling asleep or during sleep. Sleep
disorders include insomnia, sleep
apnea, narcolepsy, nightmares, night
terrors, and sleepwalking.

■ The mental activity that takes
place during sleep is called
dreaming.
Section 2- Objective
Hypnosis, Biofeedback,
and Meditation
Understand that
hypnosis, biofeedback,
and meditation are
altered states of
consciousness that can
occur while we are
awake.
Define
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic
Biofeedback
Meditation
How does hypnosis work?

Put into an altered state of
consciousness in which they
become highly suggestible.

Become responsive or receptive
to certain stimuli

Focus on one tiny aspect of
reality

Done by having one relax,
discard distractions
What are some uses of
hypnosis?
Block, Suppress, or
Enhance memory
Reduce Pain
Help clients reveal
problem or gain insight
into life
How is Hypnosis used by athletes?
Relaxation/Visualization/ Way to
achieve personal best
What is the purpose of
biofeedback?
 To teach, with the
use of machines,
how different
thoughts and/or
emotions effect their
physiological
behavior & how to
alter those effects
What are the 3 approaches to
meditation?
-Transcendental repeating a phrase (Sanskrit)
-Mindfulness presents of mind from toeshead
-Breath concentrating on breathing
Section 2 –
Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation
 ■ Hypnosis is a form of
Main Idea:
Hypnosis,
biofeedback, and
meditation are
altered states of
consciousness
that can occur
when we
altered consciousness in which
people become highly
suggestible to changes in
behavior and thought.
 ■ Biofeedback has been used
to teach people to control a
wide variety of physiological
responses.
 ■ Studies have suggested
that the regular practice of
meditation is physically
relaxing and can also lead to
changes in behavior. Others
argue that meditation is
indistinguishable from
regularly scheduled relaxation.
Section 3 - Objectives
Drugs and
Consciousness
Describe psychoactive
drugs and how they
interact with the central
nervous system to alter
consciousness.
Define the following vocab
words
Psychoactive Drugs
Marijuana
Hallucinations
Hallucinogens
LSD
Give 3 facts of marijuana uses &
effects
-Sensory experiences augmented – music sounds fuller,
colors brighter tastes stronger
--Feelings are enhanced: both positive & negative
--Can slow mental processes, cause lethargy, and be
psychologically addictive
Describe some effects of LSD
Hallucinations/ Familiar objects become
unfamiliar/ Senses become intermingled
What are the different types
of Opiates?
Opium/ Morphine/ Heroin
What are some effects of
alcohol use?
 Immediate effect  loosening of
inhibitions
 Acting without social restraint or
self control
 Slurred speech, blurred vision,
impaired judgment, memory loss,
and a condition called “Beer
Goggles”
 Dependent on amount, frequency
of use, and body weight,
composition
What is the most
commonly used
psychoactive drug?
Caffeine
What are some reasons that
one abuses drugs?
Avoid
Forget
boredom
problems
Fit in with
Relax
Feel good
peers
Gain self
confidence
What are the usual steps of
drug abuse treatment?
1. Admission of
problem
2. Enter treatment or
therapy
3. Must remain drug
free
Section 3 Recap –
Drugs and Consciousness
Main Idea:
Psycho- active
drugs interact with
the central
nervous system to
alter
consciousness.

■ The effects of marijuana, a
psychoactive drug, vary from
person to person.

■ Hallucinogens, whose main
effect is to produce
hallucinations, have been used
for their effects on
consciousness since earliest
human history.

■ LSD, a synthetic substance,
is the most potent and most
extensively studied
hallucinogen.

■ Alcohol is a depressant that
serves to inhibit the brain’s
normal functions.

■ Drug abusers are people who
regularly use illegal drugs or
excessively use legal drugs.