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Ethics and Accountability Ethics in public administration: definitions the concept of responsibility moral guidance ethical organizations Accountability in public administration Ethics: Definitions Ethics is concerned about WHAT IS RIGHT, just, fair, or good, about what we ought to do Ethics is the DISCOVERY AND APPLICATION OF MORAL STANDARDS to the conduct of officials The normative standards of conduct derived from the PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS of society Ethics and Public Administration The politics-administration DICHOTOMY Public administrators are/should be neutral, efficient implementers of laws and policies adopted by elected officials According to Max Weber: when a public administrator is confronted with a demand by their political superiors they personally disagree with, the administrator should first confront his superior with objections. If this does not result in a change of policy, it is not only the duty, but even the HONOR of the administrator to act in accordance with his superiors’ demands. Cont’d http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7naaukdnik&feature=related Cont’d Guerilla Employees Employees who act against the wishes of their superiors See Rosemary O’Leary article in Public Administration Review. Administrative Discretion The statement fails to address the role of DISCRETION in public administration Administrative discretion raises the question of RESPONSIBILITY how to make sure that they will use their discretion responsibly? Responsibility as the foundation for ethics Responsible to whom? Citizens, laws, Constitution, family, future generations, political supervisors, employees, peers, organizational superiors, the poor, the profession, etc. Conflict of responsibilities, possible in particular situations Cont’d Ethical dilemmas emerge when public administrators encounter situations in which there are no clear-cut solutions There is a conflict of responsibilities They need a decision-making framework, which will help them to address and resolve ethical dilemmas We need moral guidance, so where is that? Constitution (read the US Constitution, read the Supreme Court decisions, understand regime values) Religion (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and more) Philosophy (study philosophical traditions) Cont’d Intuitionism Deontology (principles) Utilitarianism (consequentialism) Virtue theory Ethical Decision Framework The Descriptive Task Defining the Ethical Issue Identifying Alternative Courses of Action Projecting the Probable Consequences of each alternative Finding A Solution Purpose: Finding a solution that will strike a balance between principled reasoning and emotional comfort Should be based on sound reasons (rational) and give emotional satisfaction to the person who makes the decision http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URvMdpjSMc&feature=related How to create ethical organizations? Codes of Ethics http://www.aspanet.org/public/ASPA/Resour ces/Code_of_Ethics/ASPA/Resources/Code %20of%20Ethics1.aspx?hkey=acd40318a945-4ffc-ba7b-18e037b1a858 Cont’d Ethics training Financial disclosure requirement for public employees Creating ethics boards or commissions Encouraging whistle blowing Creating role models for employees (ethics leadership, ethics enforcement) When it comes to organizational ethics There are three factors important in order to promote ethical behavior in organizations The two are under our control INCENTIVES (inducements for ethical behavior) and RISK (the risk of being caught on unethical behavior) One factor that is not under our control is HONESTY In the end, it is the PEOPLE who will make a real difference By studying and learning ethics, we develop awareness and skills in dealing with ethical dilemmas Yet, it is, in the end, up to us to behave ethically or unethically. Accountability in public administration? Legislative oversight (hearings, casework) Clear, detailed legislation that limits public administrators’ discretion Judicial review process to check on administrative discretion Increasing transparency, and citizen involvement in public administration