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Transcript
ECOLOGY Ecology – the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. • • LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Biosphere-portions of the planet in which all of life exists Biome- a group of ecosystem that have the same climate and similar dominant communities Deciduous – forest with leafy trees Coniferous – forest with needle type trees ( Pine Trees) • Ecosystem- collection of all organisms that live • • in a particular place, together with their nonliving or physical, environment Communities – different populations that live in the same area Species – organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Energy Flow • Producers: Autotrophs – an organism that is capable of synthesizing its own food from an inorganic substance Chemoautotrophs - An organism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, that obtains its nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic chemical compounds as opposed to photosynthesis. • Consumers: Heterotrophs Herbivores – eat plants Carnivores – eat meat Detritivores (scavangers) eat dead animals Decomposers (bacteria/fungus) Feeding Relationships *Food Chain *Food Web TROPHIC LEVELS Level’s within the Food Web • Primary Producers • Primary Consumer • Secondary Consumer • Tertiary Consumer • Quaternary Consumer Primary Producers have the most impact on the food web Ecological Pyramid • Energy Pyramid – only 10% of the energy • available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level Humans get their energy from food we measure this energy in the form of calories Biomass Pyramid (Bio-living mass-weight) • Amount of living tissue Pyramid of Numbers • Number of individuals at each trophic level Water cycle • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Transpiration – evaporation from plants Carbon Cycle: The carbon cycle diagram serves to demonstrate how the various supplies of carbon on earth change forms and ultimately are released into the atmosphere in dangerous quantities, adding to the greenhouse effect and global warming. - *Nitrogen Cycle *Phosphorus Cycle Nutrient Limitation • Primary productivity – rate at which organic matter is • created by producers (how much food a plant makes) Limiting nutrient when a single nutrient is scarce or cycles very slowly (farmers apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) Algae Bloom • When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of • • • • limiting nutrient (run off) Immediate increase in the amount of algae Algae can’t get enough sunlight die Decomposition user up the available oxygen Fish die Ecosystems • Biotic – living factors • Abiotic – non living factors • Together the biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which it lives Habitat • Area where an organism lives, includes both the biotic and abiotic factors Niche • Includes the type of food the organism eats, how it obtains this food, and which other species use the organism for food Community Interactions • Competition – when organisms of the same or different species attempts to use a resource in the same place or at the same time • Results in a winner and a loser Competitive exclusion principle • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time Predation • One organism captures and feeds on another organism Symbiosis 1. Mutalism – both benefit 2. Commensalism – one benefits other is neither helped or harmed 3. Parasitism- parasite gets it needs from host, host weakend Ecological Succession • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances Older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the environment Primary Succession Secondary Succession Movie: Ferngully (all about the rainforest)