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Transcript
The Living Environment The study of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Topics • Unit 1: • Unit 2: • Unit 3: • Unit 4: • Unit 5: Ecology The Cell Genetics History of Biological Diversity The Human Body Unit 1: Ecology Principles of Ecology Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Population Ecology Biodiversity and Conservation Ecology The study of living organisms and their interaction with the environment. Biosphere The portion of Earth that supports life. Ecosystem a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. Biotic Factors (Living) Animals Plants Decomposers Single-celled organisms Abiotic Factors (Non-living) Sunlight Water Soil Air How can we tell if something is living, dead, or non-living? Living things are currently alive. For example, a frog, dog, or tree. Dead things were once living but are not living anymore. For example, a dead frog, dead dog, or dead tree. Non-living things were NEVER living. For example, water, soil, sunlight, or air. Life Functions Respirate – use oxygen to make energy Reproduction – maintain the species To obtain and use energy Grow and develop Population A group of the same species living together in the same geographic area. Community A group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area. Biome A large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. BIOMES Tundra Forest Grasslands Mountains Polar Region Rainforest Desert How do we organize levels of ecology? Individual organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Ecosystem Interactions Habitat: An area where an organism lives. Niche: The role or position an organism has in its environment. How an organism meets its needs for food, shelter, and reproduction. Community Interactions Competition: When more than one organism uses a resource at the same time. Examples of resources: Food Water Space Light Mate Competition Community Interactions Predation: The act of one organism hunting and killing another organism for food. • The organism pursuing another organism is the predator. • The organism being pursued is the prey. Predation Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis: Relationship between two or more different species. Types of Relationships: Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism +/+ Relationship between two different species that benefit from each other. Commensalism +/0 Relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism +/ Relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism. Energy In An Ecosystem How do organisms in a ecosystem get their energy? Autotrophs Collect energy from sunlight and turn it into food. Autotrophs are known as producers because they can produce their own food. Heterotrophs Collect energy by consuming other organisms. Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they must consume other organisms to obtain energy. They can NOT make their own food. Autotrophs are producers. Examples are: Bacteria Grass Trees Algae All other photosynthetic organisms Heterotrophs are consumers. There are four types of Heterotrophs: Herbivores – consume only producers Carnivores – consume only consumers Omnivores – consume both producers and consumers Detritivores – consume dead matter and waste materials Herbivores Consume only producers. They are plant eaters. Examples are: Horses Cows Rabbits Giraffes Carnivores Consume only other consumers. They do not eat any plant material. Examples are: Snakes Lions Owls Fox Omnivores Consume both producers and other consumers. They will eat plant material and meat. Examples are: Bears Turtles Humans Lizards Detritivores Consume fragments of dead matter and waste materials. Help return nutrients to the soil, air, and water to be reused by organisms. Models of Energy Flow Trophic Levels: Different levels of nourishment in a food chain or food web. Food Chain: a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. Always start with a producer. Arrows represent the direction of energy flow. Food Chain Although it is never drawn into a food chain or food web, what is the original source of energy? THE SUN Food Web A food web is a model representing the many ways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. What do the arrows represent? Energy Pyramid In an energy pyramid, each level represents the amount of energy that is available to that trophic level. With each step up, there is an energy loss of about 90%. Numbers Pyramid In a pyramid of numbers, each level represents the number of individual organisms consumed by the level above it. Stability in Ecosystem The presence of necessary abiotic factors including sunlight, water, space, air, etc. The presence of all trophic levels including, producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and detritivores. Must have more producers than any other group. Must have enough decomposers to recycle nutrients. Cycles in the Biosphere The Water Cycle The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle The Water Cycle • All living organisms need fresh water, but only about 3% • • • of the water on Earth is fresh. 69% of that fresh water is unavailable because it is locked up in glaciers and the polar ice caps. Water evaporates into the atmosphere from the ocean as well as from the surface of plant leaves through a process called transpiration. This evaporated water becomes fresh water through the evaporation process and eventually precipitates back to Earth. Some of this precipitated water runs off to the ocean, while some is captured by lakes and rivers, and some is percolated in the soil to become groundwater. The Water Cycle The Carbon and Oxygen Cycle Carbon and oxygen are necessary elements that help support life. Carbon is used in every organic molecule including those that make up cells. Oxygen is a necessary element used by cells to produce energy. During photosynthesis, green plants and algae convert carbon-dioxide and water into energy and return oxygen back into the atmosphere. This oxygen is used by autotrophs and heterotrophs who then release carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere during cellular respiration. The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is a key element in the development of proteins which are imperative to life. The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is nitrogen. Plants and animals cannot use nitrogen directly from the air. Bacteria that live in water, soil, and on plant root tips convert atmospheric nitrogen into another form of nitrogen that can be used by plants and animals. This is known as nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen is returned to the soil whenever an animal urinates or when plants and animals die. Decomposers return the leftover nitrogen in the dead organic material into ammonia which is then turned back into usable nitrogen by other organisms in the soil. Some soil bacteria convert fixed nitrogen into nitrogen gas through a process called denitrification which returns to the atmosphere. The Nitrogen Cycle The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is an element that is essential for the growth and development of organisms. In the short term cycle, phosphorus is transferred from producers to consumers and then eventually returned to the soil by decomposers. In the long term cycle, weathering and erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle. The Phosphorus Cycle How are population sizes limited by their environment? Limiting Factors: • Sunlight • Climate • Temperature • Water • Nutrients (Food) • Fire • Soil • Space • Other living organisms – Competition/Predation Range of Tolerance Tolerance is the ability to survive any particular limiting factor. The diagram to the right shows a plant’s tolerance to a range of temperatures. At optimal temperature, the plant will grow the tallest. Once outside the range of tolerance, the plant will not survive. Carrying Capacity The carrying capacity of an environment is the largest number of an individual species that can be supported. What factors affect the carrying capacity of a particular environment? Ecological Succession Primary Succession: the establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock. The first organisms to appear on the rock are lichens and mosses. These are known as pioneer organisms. They are followed by small plants and eventually trees. Ecological Succession Climax Community: stable, mature community that results when there is little or no change Ecological Succession Secondary Succession: the change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact. What are the causes of ecological succession? Forest fire Volcanic eruption Tsunamis Hurricanes Tornadoes Flooding Landslides/Mudslides Earthquakes Glaciers receding Terrestrial Biomes Weather vs. Climate Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. Climate consists of the average weather conditions in an area including temperature ranges and the amount and type of precipitation. Major Land Biomes Tundra: treeless with a permanently frozen soil layer called the permafrost. Boreal Forest: aka coniferous forest or taiga. Summers are longer than in the tundra so there is no permafrost layer but with long, cold winters this is still a very cold biome. Temperate Forest: aka Deciduous Forest Known for its beautiful fall colors due to the lack of evergreens and more oak, beech, and maple trees. Also known for having all four seasons. Temperate woodland and shrubland This biome is aka chaparral. They typically contain evergreen shrubs and receive less rainfall than temperate forest. Temperate grassland: aka praire Characterized by fertile soil, grasses, and grazing animals. Desert: exist on every continent except Europe Any area where the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate of precipitation. Surprisingly contain a wide variety of flora and fauna. Tropical savanna Characterized by grasses and scattered trees. Tropical Seasonal Forest: aka tropical dry forests Tropical Rain Forest Characterized by warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall. Contain the most diverse grouping of organisms compared to all other land biomes. Biomes of the World Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems include rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds. Only about 2.5% of the water on Earth is freshwater and only about 0.3% of the water on Earth is found in these ecosystems. Where is the other 2.2% of the freshwater? 1.52% is frozen in glaciers 0.68% is groundwater Rivers and Streams Water in these ecosystems is constantly in motion in one direction. Areas of slow moving water can sustain benthic plant life as well as insect larvae and fish. Crabs, worms, newts, tadpoles, and frogs may also be found. Lakes and Ponds There are 3 major zones in freshwater lakes and ponds; littoral zone, limnetic zone, and profundal zone. The littoral zone is the shallow area close to the shore. The limnetic zone is the open water photic zone. The profundal zone is the deeper aphotic zone. Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems Transitional aquatic ecosystems are areas where freshwater mixes with saltwater. These ecosystems include wetlands and estuaries. Marine Ecosystems Include the intertidal zone, open ocean zone, and coastal ocean and coral reef zones. These are saltwater ecosystems. Intertidal Zone The intertidal zone is the area along the shoreline where the ocean meets land. This area is divided into smaller zones dependant on how long the area is underwater. These zones include the low tide zone, middle tide zone, high tide zone, and spray zone. Open Ocean Ecosystem The open ocean is divided into 4 major zones: The photic zone is the upper portion that receives plenty of sunlight to sustain photosynthetic organisms The aphotic zone that is deeper and does not receive any sunlight. The benthic zone which is the area along the sea floor. The abyssal zone which is the deepest region of the ocean. Coral Reef Zone The coral reef zone is the equivalent of an underwater rainforest in biodiversity. They are very delicate and are largely studied and protected by governments all over the world. Aquatic Biomes