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Unit 5 Warm Ups Mrs. Hilliard Vocabulary Write word and definition to study 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. CommensalismMutualismPredationCompetition- interaction between organisms or species in which resources or space is limited and organisms that are most fit (better adapted or stronger) are able to fight off the weaker species or organism. Parasitism Thigmotropism Geotropism/ Gravitropism Phototropism Biotic Abiotic Primary Succession- changes in the environment in areas that are barren of life because they lack soil. Secondary Succession- changes in the environment occurs in habitats that have been 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. partially or completely destroyed (areas that have soil). Climax community- Final stage of succession, most stable, steady state (equilibrium), best adapted to environmental conditions. Pioneer species- species which are the first to colonize an ecosystems (ex: lichen/moss). Greenhouse effect Pesticide- substances meant for destroying/killing any pest, typically sprayed on plants. Herbicide- (weedkillers) are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants (round-up). Renewable resource- organic natural resource that can replenish in time such as wind or solar energy, water, plants (trees), fish. Nonrenewable resource- resources that form at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which they are consumed such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). Vocabulary Write word and definition to study 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Commensalism- relationship between two organisms in 12. which one benefits and one is unaffected. Mutualism- a relationship between two species in which both species benefit. 13. Predation- an interaction between two organisms in which one organism, the predator, kills and feeds on the other organism, the prey. 14. Competition- interaction between organisms or species in which resources or space is limited and organisms that are 15. most fit (better adapted or stronger) are able to fight off the weaker species or organism. Parasitism- a relationship between two species in which one species, the parasite, benefits from the other species, 16. the host, which is harmed. Thigmotropism- a response of an organism or part of an 17. organism to touch. Geotropism/ Gravitropism- the growth of a plant in a 18. particular direction in response to gravity. Phototropism- a plant growth movement that occurs in response to the direction of a source of light. 19. Biotic- living factors in the environment. Abiotic- nonliving factors in the environment. Primary Succession- changes in the environment in areas that are barren of life because they lack soil. Secondary Succession- changes in the environment occurs in habitats that have been partially or completely destroyed (areas that have soil). Climax community- Final stage of succession, most stable, steady state (equilibrium), best adapted to environmental conditions. Pioneer species- species which are the first to colonize an ecosystems (ex: lichen/moss). Greenhouse effect- the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gasses in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation. Pesticide- substances meant for destroying/killing any pest, typically sprayed on plants. Herbicide- (weedkillers) are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants (round-up). Renewable resource- organic natural resource that can replenish in time such as wind or solar energy, water, plants (trees), fish. Nonrenewable resource- resources that form at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which they are consumed such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). Biomes and Adaptations 1. What are the two most important factors that determine where an ecosystem occurs? 2. What is an adaptation that a plant in the desert would have? 3. What is an adaptation that a plant in the tundra would have? 4. An anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves an organisms ability to survive its environment is called what? 5. What is a large geographical area with similar climate and a distinctive community of organisms called? 6. Organisms that are adapted to cold, wet weather with little vegetation and cool summers would be found in which biome? Biomes and Adaptations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the two most important factors that determine where an ecosystem occurs? Temperature and precipitation What is an adaptation that a plant in the desert would have? Flowers open at night, deep root system, modified leaves (spines), succulents (store water) What is an adaptation that a plant in the tundra would have? Less than 12” in height, grow in clumps, dark colored An anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves an organisms ability to survive its environment is called what? Adaptation What is a large geographical area with similar climate and a distinctive community of organisms called? Biome Organisms that are adapted to cold, wet weather with little vegetation and cool summers would be found in which biome? Tundra/ taiga Biomes 7. How does biodiversity change among the different biomes? 8. In which biome would large herbivores that are adapted to very warm temperatures year round, wet and dry seasons, and fires be found? 9. Where would you find a tropical rain forest? Biomes 7. How does biodiversity change among the different biomes? Extreme environments with very cold or hot temperatures, or little rainfall have less biodiversity. Few organisms have adapted to harsh conditions. 8. In which biome would large herbivores that are adapted to very warm temperatures year round, wet and dry seasons, and fires be found? Savanna/ Grasslands 9. Where would you find a tropical rain forest? South America, Near equator, Hawaii Relationships 10.Which type of relationship is where both organisms benefit? 11.Give an example of commensalism. 12.List an example of mutualism. 13.Give an example of Competition 14.Describe Predation. 15.What is Parasitism? Give an example. Relationships 10. Which type of relationship is where both organisms benefit? Mutualism 11. Give an example of commensalism. Egret birds that follow cattle and eat insects that cattle stir up. Remora Sharks hitch a ride on whales and whatever the whale doesn’t eat or is left behind, the shark eats. Barnacles that attach to whales or shell of a mollusk which helps barnacle by having habitat where food available and whale not harmed. 12. List an example of mutualism. Fish that clean a shark and remove parasites 13. Give an example of Competition. Two organisms fighting over resources such as food and space or mating. Deer competing over food with each other or with rabbits. 14. Describe Predation. One organism kills another (one benefits, other dies) Such as a Human killing a fish or cattle for food. 15. What is Parasitism? Give an example. One organisms benefits and other is harmed. Tapeworms, pinworms infect the body and reproduce. Tropism 16.What is the reason plants that exhibit thigmotropism wrap around larger trees or vines? 17.What is gravitropism? 18.What is phototropism? Thigmotropism 16.What is the reason plants that exhibit thigmotropism wrap around larger trees or vines?Allows the vines to reach sunlight and maximize photosynthesis 17.What is gravitropism? The growth of a plant in a particular direction in response to gravity. 18.What is phototropism? A plant growth movement that occurs in response to the direction of a source of light. Succession/Biomes 19. What determines the kinds of species that live in certain areas? 20. In biomes where precipitation is low, how have most organisms adapted? 21. During the great depression many farmers lost their farms and the fields were abandoned and then grew back into forests. What does this represent? 22. What is shown in the photo below? Succession/Biomes 19. What determines the kinds of species that live in certain areas? Climate 20. In biomes where precipitation is low, how have most organisms adapted? Conserve Water 21. During the great depression many farmers lost their farms and the fields were abandoned and then grew back into forests. What does this represent? Secondary Succession 22. What is shown in the photo below? Primary Succession Adaptations 23. From the food web below, what causes changes in the rabbit population? 24. What would cause a huge drop in the number of deer in a population? 25. The chart below shows predator/prey relationships. What is the reason that the predator numbers are higher when prey numbers are lower? 26. If you sprayed a pesticide on a field to kill aphids but some of the aphids survived and passed on their traits to their offspring, the process that enables the aphids to survive their initial exposure is called what? Adaptations 23. 24. 25. 26. From the food web below, what causes changes in the rabbit population? Amount of grass available, number eagles What would cause a huge drop in the number of deer in a population? Diseases, low food supply, overpopulation The chart below shows predator/prey relationships. What is the reason that the predator numbers are higher when prey numbers are lower? Predator #s increase due to higher prey (food) #s If you sprayed a pesticide on a field to kill aphids but some of the aphids survived and passed on their traits to their offspring, the process that enables the aphids to survive their initial exposure is called what? Natural selection Adaptations 27. Name an adaptation that trees have. 28. Name an adaptation that snakes have. 29. From the food web, describe an example of commensalism, predation, and competition. 30. Which organism from the food web has the least amount of energy? 31. Name a decomposer. 32. Animals that feed on plants are in at least what trophic level? 33. Plants and other autotrophs would be found in which trophic level? 34. What would the phytoplankton be considered in the marine food web? 35. What are the cod considered from the marine food web? Adaptations 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Name an adaptation that trees have. Lose their leaves in the fall so they hold as much water as possible. Name an adaptation that snakes have. Hibernate during winter to keep from dying or estivate during summer when it is too hot or dry. From the food web, describe an example of commensalism, predation, and competition. Commensalism- squirrel and tree, predation- hawk and squirrel/rabbit/small bird, competition- squirrel and deer Which organism from the food web has the least amount of energy? The Hawk, owl, or fox Name a decomposer. Fungi, bacteria, worm Animals that feed on plants are in at least what trophic level? Second trophic level Plants and other autotrophs would be found in which trophic level? First trophic level What would the phytoplankton be considered in the marine food web? Producer, autotroph What are the cod considered from the marine food web? Consumers, Omnivore Food Webs 36. At what trophic levels does the Leopard Seal eat at? 37. What type of consumer would the cod be? 38. Animals that feed on plant eaters would be at which trophic level? 39. Where does the energy come from on Earth? 40. Where do organisms that are not autotrophs get their energy? 41. What causes the greatest loss of biodiversity in an ecosystem? 42. Why are all of the nutrient cycles important? Nutrients and Human Impacts 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. What is the most stable community in succession? Why is deforestation such an issue? From the picture, Why does the existence of animals, and their ability to make proteins, depend upon soil bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? What is the types of organisms that would begin to grow if a volcano erupted and it started succession over? What does the graph below show? Populations 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Population Growth Over Time 49. Which is the BEST explanation for the change in the deer population between years 16 and 18? Give an example of a population. As a population reaches its carrying capacity, resources become more scarce. Which of the following would increase within the population? How have vaccines contributed to human population growth? The human population began to grow exponentially during the middle of the 1700s due to what? Based on the population growth chart, where is there exponential growth? Where on the chart are birth and death rates equal?