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Unit 2 Study Guide
Chapters 3, 4, 5, & 11
Evolution / Natural Selection
1. Provide as many traits as you can that would help an organism reproduce and survive as they
adapt to a changing environment.
2. Describe the following terms:
a. Disruptive selection
b. Allopatric speciation
c. Sympatric speciation
d. Stabilizing selection
e. Directional selection
3. Label the graph below with the following terms
a. Zone of the death / avoidance
b. Optimal zone
c. Zone of physiological stress
d. Most organisms
e. Least organisms
Organism Interactions
1. Describe the process of coevolution.
2. What are keystone species? Give some examples.
3. What are indicator species? Which class of organisms is most commonly used as indicator
species? Why?
4. Explain the concept of competitive exclusion.
5. What is the functional role of a species in its community called?
6. Compare and contrast the following terms. Please provide examples and as much information as
you can for each term. NOTE: There are many questions that use these terms. It’s important
that you have a complete understanding.
a. Commensalism & parasites
b. Predators & parasites
c. Herbivory & predator
d. Generalist & specialist species
e. Endemic & nonnative
f. Extinction & extirpation
g. Speciation & extinction
h. Positive feedback loops and & negative feedback loops
i. Food webs & food chains
j. Biotic & abiotic systems / organisms
k. Immigration & emigration
l. Net primary production & gross primary production
m. Primary & secondary consumers (aka herbivores & carnivores)
7. Use the food web below to answer the following questions:
a. Label the omnivores with an O
b. Label the carnivores with a C
c. Label the herbivores with a H
d. Label the primary consumers with 1o
e. Label the secondary consumers with 2o
f. How many food chains are there in this food web?
g. If one of these food chains was placed in an energy or biomass pyramid, which organism
would have the smallest amount of energy/biomass?
Biodiversity
1. How are the following types of diversity different than one another?
a. Genetic diversity
b. Species diversity
c. Ecosystem diversity
d. Functional diversity
e. Community diversity
2. ______% of all species that ever existed are now extinct. What is the best reason why this is the
case?
3. Based on what we know, prehistoric life forms were mostly _____________________________,
but evolved into higher order organism. Background extinction occurs relatively (quickly /
slowly), except during ___________ ____________________ where many organism die in a
4.
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relatively quick period of time. The number of organisms existing today is (higher / lower /
about the same) as was present in the past.
The Shannon Diversity Index ranges from _______ (being no diversity) to _______ (having a very
high biodiversity) (provide numbers).
What factors can lead to changes in global species diversity?
How are zoos helpful?
What are the problems on an ecosystems associated with lessening biodiversity?
Can humans use new technologies to replace extinct species?
Can humans use new technologies to completely restore a damaged ecosystem?
What are the top reasons why organisms are introduced into environments where they don’t
belong?
What are possible ways to control species once they have been introduced into a nonnative
environment?
What is the number one reason for species endangerment worldwide?
Why would people participate in poaching organisms?
What factors decrease species richness in an area?
What are the reasons why animals may be vulnerable to extinction?
What are 4 reasons for the possible 6th mass extinction that some scientists say we are
experiencing today?
How has ecotourism helped increase biodiversity?
Biomes
Stable precipitation & seasonal temperature variations
Wet winters and warm, dry summers
Sparse rainfall and much variation in temperatures
Limited precipitation, extreme temp changes in the winter &
summer
Greatest amount of biodiversity
Found in the eastern US
Found west of the Mississippi river
Found in the Mediterranean & southwestern US
Found in northern Africa and NW Mexico
Found in the northern US / southern Canada
Deer are found in large numbers
Wolves are found in large numbers
Snakes are found in large numbers
Bison are found in large numbers
Chaparral
Tundra
Deserts
Grasslands
Tropical Rain
Forest
Deciduous
Forest
Boreal Forest
For the following questions, put a “X” under the biome that fits the statement.
1. How do the types of biomes moving north from the equator correspond to the biomes as one
moves up a mountain?
Miscellaneous
1. Define & contrast the following terms (provide examples when appropriate):
a. Ecosystem
b. Community
c. Population
d. Species
e. Biomes
f. Ecotones
g. Biosphere
h. Superbiome
2. Succession
a. How is primary succession different from second succession? Describe each stage.
b. Provide examples of organisms (i.e. pioneer species) that are the first to populate an
area that has bare rock.
c. What types of organisms are present in a climax community?
d. What types of environmental events can lead to primary succession?
e. What types of environmental events can lead secondary succession?
3. What is a limiting factor? Provide as many example as you can
Limiting Factor
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the purpose of the IUCN Red List? In which country(ies) is this act enforced?
Describe the Lacey Act.
Describe the US Endangered Species Act.
Describe the Convention on International Trace of Endangered Species treaty (CITES). In which
country(ies) is this act enforced?
Helper Vocabulary: Make sure you know what these words mean
1.
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Permafrost
Lichens
Aspen trees
Amensalism
Facilitation
Homeostatic Systems
Dynamic equilibrium
Dead zone
Open & Closed systems
Benthos
Euphotic
Littoral
Bathyl
Asexual reproduction
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Paleontologists
Millipedes
Biopolymers
Cellulose
Leguminous Plants
Inbreeding
Biomass
Foundation Species