* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Survey
Document related concepts
Molecular ecology wikipedia , lookup
Island restoration wikipedia , lookup
Introduced species wikipedia , lookup
Ecological fitting wikipedia , lookup
Overexploitation wikipedia , lookup
Biogeography wikipedia , lookup
Lake ecosystem wikipedia , lookup
Habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Unit 2 Study Guide Chapters 3, 4, 5, & 11 Evolution / Natural Selection 1. Provide as many traits as you can that would help an organism reproduce and survive as they adapt to a changing environment. 2. Describe the following terms: a. Disruptive selection b. Allopatric speciation c. Sympatric speciation d. Stabilizing selection e. Directional selection 3. Label the graph below with the following terms a. Zone of the death / avoidance b. Optimal zone c. Zone of physiological stress d. Most organisms e. Least organisms Organism Interactions 1. Describe the process of coevolution. 2. What are keystone species? Give some examples. 3. What are indicator species? Which class of organisms is most commonly used as indicator species? Why? 4. Explain the concept of competitive exclusion. 5. What is the functional role of a species in its community called? 6. Compare and contrast the following terms. Please provide examples and as much information as you can for each term. NOTE: There are many questions that use these terms. It’s important that you have a complete understanding. a. Commensalism & parasites b. Predators & parasites c. Herbivory & predator d. Generalist & specialist species e. Endemic & nonnative f. Extinction & extirpation g. Speciation & extinction h. Positive feedback loops and & negative feedback loops i. Food webs & food chains j. Biotic & abiotic systems / organisms k. Immigration & emigration l. Net primary production & gross primary production m. Primary & secondary consumers (aka herbivores & carnivores) 7. Use the food web below to answer the following questions: a. Label the omnivores with an O b. Label the carnivores with a C c. Label the herbivores with a H d. Label the primary consumers with 1o e. Label the secondary consumers with 2o f. How many food chains are there in this food web? g. If one of these food chains was placed in an energy or biomass pyramid, which organism would have the smallest amount of energy/biomass? Biodiversity 1. How are the following types of diversity different than one another? a. Genetic diversity b. Species diversity c. Ecosystem diversity d. Functional diversity e. Community diversity 2. ______% of all species that ever existed are now extinct. What is the best reason why this is the case? 3. Based on what we know, prehistoric life forms were mostly _____________________________, but evolved into higher order organism. Background extinction occurs relatively (quickly / slowly), except during ___________ ____________________ where many organism die in a 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. relatively quick period of time. The number of organisms existing today is (higher / lower / about the same) as was present in the past. The Shannon Diversity Index ranges from _______ (being no diversity) to _______ (having a very high biodiversity) (provide numbers). What factors can lead to changes in global species diversity? How are zoos helpful? What are the problems on an ecosystems associated with lessening biodiversity? Can humans use new technologies to replace extinct species? Can humans use new technologies to completely restore a damaged ecosystem? What are the top reasons why organisms are introduced into environments where they don’t belong? What are possible ways to control species once they have been introduced into a nonnative environment? What is the number one reason for species endangerment worldwide? Why would people participate in poaching organisms? What factors decrease species richness in an area? What are the reasons why animals may be vulnerable to extinction? What are 4 reasons for the possible 6th mass extinction that some scientists say we are experiencing today? How has ecotourism helped increase biodiversity? Biomes Stable precipitation & seasonal temperature variations Wet winters and warm, dry summers Sparse rainfall and much variation in temperatures Limited precipitation, extreme temp changes in the winter & summer Greatest amount of biodiversity Found in the eastern US Found west of the Mississippi river Found in the Mediterranean & southwestern US Found in northern Africa and NW Mexico Found in the northern US / southern Canada Deer are found in large numbers Wolves are found in large numbers Snakes are found in large numbers Bison are found in large numbers Chaparral Tundra Deserts Grasslands Tropical Rain Forest Deciduous Forest Boreal Forest For the following questions, put a “X” under the biome that fits the statement. 1. How do the types of biomes moving north from the equator correspond to the biomes as one moves up a mountain? Miscellaneous 1. Define & contrast the following terms (provide examples when appropriate): a. Ecosystem b. Community c. Population d. Species e. Biomes f. Ecotones g. Biosphere h. Superbiome 2. Succession a. How is primary succession different from second succession? Describe each stage. b. Provide examples of organisms (i.e. pioneer species) that are the first to populate an area that has bare rock. c. What types of organisms are present in a climax community? d. What types of environmental events can lead to primary succession? e. What types of environmental events can lead secondary succession? 3. What is a limiting factor? Provide as many example as you can Limiting Factor 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the purpose of the IUCN Red List? In which country(ies) is this act enforced? Describe the Lacey Act. Describe the US Endangered Species Act. Describe the Convention on International Trace of Endangered Species treaty (CITES). In which country(ies) is this act enforced? Helper Vocabulary: Make sure you know what these words mean 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Permafrost Lichens Aspen trees Amensalism Facilitation Homeostatic Systems Dynamic equilibrium Dead zone Open & Closed systems Benthos Euphotic Littoral Bathyl Asexual reproduction 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Paleontologists Millipedes Biopolymers Cellulose Leguminous Plants Inbreeding Biomass Foundation Species