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The Norman Conquest •The Battle of Hastings • In 1066, England was invaded by Normans (Vikings from modern-day France) –Harold, King of England killed –William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) takes over. William of Normandy helped make England what it is today and codified feudalism (gave it the force of law). • French was spoken in the English court for the next 200 years. • 1066 - William I creates Domesday Book for purposes of fair tax collection. – Great resource for modern historians to learn about Medieval life) William of Normandy Norman ship The Crusades The Crusades Cross on chest About 4000 knights took up the Cross. The word Crusade comes from the Latin CRUX, meaning Cross. The Crusades • A series of military campaigns by a variety of European military groups into parts of the Byzantine Empire and Muslim controlled Middle East. • Jerusalem - special city for three religions. – For Jews - city where King David ruled and where the great Temple had stood. – For Christians- city where Jesus had lived, preached, and been crucified. – For Muslims - where their leader, Mohammed, ascended into heaven The Crusades Competing Religions Don’t Worry. I will send and army Help us Urban – you are our only hope •Nobles rally to Popes call If you die in battle, you will go straight to Heaven – no waiting! Why kill fellow Europeans when you can kill strangers called Muslims? “’The bearer of this ticket will go to heaven if you get slaughtered on a Crusade!’ Awesome! I’m gonna be a knight!” You can keep any money you find, or land you take Let’s Get EM!! Yeah!!!! Lets rock and roll! My sins will all be forgiven I’m going to be RICH! The “Other” Army • Peasants rally to call of “Peter the Hermit” Not this kind of hermit Peter and His Mob • Byzantines hoped for a well-trained army What they got was something else Peter’s Band of Looters and Thieves Byzantines were appalled by Peter's mob. Mobs steal everything not nailed down. Pent up peasant frustrations. Byzantium is a very rich place compared to what they are used to. Historians believe that 30,000 crusaders left Western Europe to fight in the first crusade. About 4,000 of those were knights, who were happy to try out their fighting skills. The rest of the crusaders were foot soldiers, archers (soldiers with bows and arrows), and cooks. Women and priests also traveled with the men in the army. There were eight major Crusades. Only the first one was really successful. Land and water routes to the Holy Land. The Burning of Jerusalem The Crusaders were terribly cruel to the Muslims • The aftermath is that the Crusaders succeed in capturing and controlling a strip of land along the Mediterranean in Palestine. They divide it up into four separate feudal kingdoms. Christians set up 4 crusader states in the Holy Land and built Crusader Forts to establish feudalism Then, in 1147 Edessa falls The Pope calls the Second Crusade Second Crusade Saladin, leader of the Muslims began retaking land won in the first Crusade. Saladin’s Empire Third Crusade Crusade of the Three Kings Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire Richard the Lionhearted of England Was called to re-take the Holy land captured by Saladin. Philip Augustus of France Reconquista Crusade • The retaking of Spain by Christians. The Aftermath • Ideas and “Stuff” brought back from Crusades Effects of the Crusades on Europe • Increased trade with the Middle East and Byzantine Empire • Growth of money economy • Increased power of the monarchs. • Increased power of the Church • Wider world view – new inventions / ideas brought back. • Europeans want more stuff from Asia – Age of Exploration Begins Long Term Effect #1: Long Term Effect #1: Interaction between Western Europe and Muslims in Middle East- Cultural Diffusion Long Term effect #2: Long Term effect #2: Increased trade between Europe and Middle East Long Term Effect #3: Long Term Effect #3: Italians act as middlemen in the trade between W . Europe and Middle East- they become wealthyleads to renaissance Long Term Effect #4: Long Term Effect #4: Growth of towns and cities along crusader routes; weakening of feudal system The Magna Carta • English King John was a bad king so his nobles forced him to sign it • Limited powers of king. • Signed in 1215 • Example of Rule of Law Magna Carta - 1215 • No royal official shall take goods from any man without immediate payment. • No free man shall be imprisoned except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land. • In future no official shall place a man on trial without producing credible witnesses. • Courts shall be held in a fixed place at a fixed time. • The barons shall elect a House of Lords for the creation of laws. • The English church shall be free. • For a trivial offence, a free man shall be fined only in proportion to the degree of his offence. Due Process of Law