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Athens and Sparta Warring City-States KEY IDEA – Greek culture produced many city-states. They had different forms of government, one of which is democracy. Warring City-States Center of Greek life was the polis, or citystate. City-states had different kinds of government. – Monarchy – Aristocracyr – Oligarchy – Democracy Athens Wealthy and poor clashed for power – Introduced reforms Citizenship – Limited to small group – Women, foreigners, and slaves were denied citizenship Sparta Strong city-state Military state – Boys joined – Spartan women ran the farms and other businesses Council of Elders – Suggested laws that had to be approved by a vote The Persian Wars A new kind of army – During the Dorian Age, only the rich could afford bronze weapons – After the Dorian Age (750 BCE), iron replaced bronze and was more affordable – A new kind of army formed - merchants, artisans and small landowners could now afford to equip themselves The Persian Wars A new kind of army – Phalanx – soldiers stood side by side, each holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other – a fearsome formation Persian Wars Battle of Marathon – Greece v. the Persian Empire – Began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia – Greeks had long been settled there but Persians conquered the area in 546 BCE – Ionian Greeks revolted – Athens sent help The Persian Wars Battle of Marathon 490 BCE – Persian fleet of 25,000 men landed NE of Athens on a plain called Marathon – Met by 10,000 Athenians arranged in phalanxes – Persians no match for them – had light armor and lacked training Persia was defeated Greeks lost less than 200 men Persians lost over 6,000!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_jVCzTfIqY The Persian Wars Athenians had won but Athens stood defenseless Pheidippides, a young runner, sent to Athens to tell them not to give up the city without a fight Ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens “Rejoice, we conquer” and died But Athenians were warned and heavily defended Athens as Persians sailed into the harbor Thermopylae 480 BCE Darius’s son, Xerxes, began an enormous invasion of Athens Greeks were divided Narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae – 7000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, blocked the way – But Greeks stopped the Persian advance for three days Thermopylae Traitor’s info about a secret path ended the brave stand of the Greeks Spartans, fearing defeat, held the Persians back while other Greek forces retreated Made a huge impression Athens was evacuated and they set up their navy in a narrow channel Thermopylae Persian ships couldn’t turn as smaller Greek ships with battering rams attacked them One-third of the Persian fleet sank After the Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE, Persians were always on the defensive Consequence of the Persian Wars All Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom Athens emerged as the leader of the newly formed Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states Athens began to control the other citystates Used military force, the prestige of their victory and their wealth to enter a Golden Age Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age 477 to 431 BCE, Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning Led by Pericles, an honest and fair man; skillful politician, inspiring speaker and respected general Led the Age of Pericles from 461 to 429 BCE Age of Pericles Three goals: 1. To strengthen Athenian democracy Increased the number of officials who were paid salaries so now even the poorest could serve if elected Introduced “direct democracy” where citizens ruled directly not through representatives – To hold and strengthen the empire Age of Pericles 2. To hold and strengthen the empire – Pericles used the money in the Delian League’s treasury to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean – A strong navy kept overseas trade open and increased safety of the empire – 3. To glorify Athens Used money from the league to beautify Athens (gold, ivory, marble) Later caused resentment THE AGE OF PERICLES Glorious Art and Architecture The Parthenon – A masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship – A traditional style for Greek temples – Built to honor Athena, the goddess of wisdom and protector of Athens https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGitmYl6U 90 Glorious Art and Architecture – Contained examples of Greek art that set standards for future generations – Sculptures showed grace, strength and perfection and serenity; portrayed ideal beauty not realism Their values of harmony, order, balance and proportion became the standard of what is called classical art. BUILDING THE PARTHENON Drama and History Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the West – an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods Drama – Tragedy – serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, betrayal – hero always had a tragic flaw – Comedy – slapstick situations and crude humor Peloponnesian War Athens versus Sparta – Spartans were fearful of Athenian power – Athenians wanted to reassert their power on the mainland of Greece Plague broke out in Athens After ten years of fighting the situation was no different than it was at the beginning of the war – Truce – Everyone was allowed to go home – Territorial status remained the same Peloponnesian War Six years later… Athens launched a massive assault against Sicily, an ally of Sparta This campaign was so catastrophic for Athens that the city barely recovered militarily After 27 years, Sparta defeated the Athenians Athens had lost its empire, power and wealth Philosophers Search for Truth Means a “Lover of wisdom” After the wars, many lost confidence in democratic gov’ts and began to question their values Based their philosophy on: – The universe is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws – People can understand these laws through logic and reason Socrates 470-399 BCE Believed absolute standards existed for truth and justice Encouraged students to question themselves and their moral character “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socratic Method Devoted life to gaining self-knowledge “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.” 399 BCE – charged with corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city’s gods Condemned to death – drank hemlock, a slow-acting poison Plato 427-347 BCE Socrates was his teacher Wrote The Republic – Described his vision of a perfectly governed society It was NOT democracy – all citizens would fall naturally into three groups His writings would dominate philosophic thought in Europe for nearly 1,500 years Aristotle 384-322 BCE Studied under Plato at his Academy Lyceum – School in Athens Developed rules of logic – Scientific Method Tutored Alexander, son of King Philip II of Macedonia School of Athens