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List of Roman Emperors REIGN January 16, 27 BCEAugust 19, 14CE COMMON NAME Augustus August 19, Tiberius 14CEMarch 16, 37 March 18, 37 CEJanuary 24, 41 CE Caligula January 24, 41 CEOctober 13, 54 CE Claudius JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY NAME & TITLE AT ADDITIONAL NOTES BIRTH Gaius Octavius Gaius Adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar Caesar Octavianus Member of the Second Triumvirate Imperator Caesar Defeated Marc Antony at the Battle of Divi Filius Actium in 31 BCE First emperor of Rome Became Pontifex Maximus in 12 BCE (high priest of the College of Pontiffs) Tiberius Claudius Stepson and adopted heir of Augustus Nero Tiberius Ivlius Became Pontifex Maximus in 15 CE Caesar Strong military leader, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Reatia, and parts of Germania Never really wanted to be emperor Neglected the public works Made almost all crimes punishable by death Gaius Caesar The nickname, Caligula, actually means “little Germanicus Gaius soldier’s boots” Caesar Augustus Adopted son of Tiberius Germanicus Caligula Very popular among the masses Became Pontifex Maximus in 37 CE Initially revived public works, held banquets, and gave many gifts Suffered from a “brain fever” during his first year as emperor Following illness: replaced heads of statues of gods with his own, wore a wig and commoners’ clothes, declared himself a living god, killed family members, named his horse to the council, tortured people for fun Assassinated by his own bodyguards in 41 CE Tiberius Claudius Had a limp and suffered from mild deafness Drusus Tiberius Proclaimed Pater Patriae (Father of the Cladius Drusus Nero Country) in 42 CE Germanicus Displayed erratic behavior at court, very paranoid, easily swayed by others Adopted Nero as his son and heir Murdered by poisoning October 54 CEJune 11, 68 CE REIGN June 8, 68 CE-January 15, 69 CE Nero COMMON NAME Galba January Otho 15, 69 CE – April 16, 69 CE September Vitellius 24, 69 CEDecember 22, 69 CE REIGN COMMON NAME November Vespasian 17, 69 CEJune 23, 79 CE Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus Became emperor at the age of 16 Became Pontifex Maximus in 55 CE Very influenced by female relatives Forced senators to do battle in gladiatorial games, ignored pleas to return to Rome, attacked people on the streets, emptied the treasury, killed his mother and brother Often accused of starting the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE First emperor to persecute the Christians in Rome Committed suicide YEAR OF THE FOUR EMPERORS NAME & TITLE AT ADDITIONAL NOTES BIRTH Seruius Sulpicius Unrelated to any of the previous emperors Galba Became emperor late in life Tried to restore the failing finances in Rome Murdered by Otho Marcus Saluius Otho Murdered Galba and his successor to claim the throne of emperor Quickly realized it was very difficult to rule in Rome Committed suicide Aulus Vitellius Served as a co-emperor with Otho (without the credit) His claim to the throne was challeneged by legions stationed in the eastern provinces of the empire Murdered in the forum by Vespasian’s troops FLAVIAN DYNASTY NAME & TITLE AT ADDITIONAL NOTES BIRTH Titus Flavius Became Pontifex Maximus and Pater Patriae Vespasianus in 70 CE Reestablished order following the chaos from previous emperors Strong military leader supported by his troops June 24, Titus 79 CE – September 13, 81 CE Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus September Domitian 14, 81 CE – September 18, 96 CE Titus Flavius Domitianus Caesar Domitianus REIGN COMMON NAME September Nerva 18, 96 CE – January 27, 98 CE January Trajan 28, 98 CE – August 7, 117 CE August 11, Hadrian 117 CE – July 10, 138 CE July 10, 138 CE – March 7, 161 CE Antoninus Pius Restricted the financial system Started building the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) First emperor to succeed his biological father Strong military leader during the First JewishRoman War Completed construction of the Colosseum The massive eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed the city of Pompeii in 79 CE Large fire destroyed parts of Rome in 80 CE Brother of Titus Revalued the Roman coinage Expanded the border defenses of the empire Initiated a massive building program to restore Rome following the fire of 80 CE Assassinated by court officials NERVAN-ANTONINE DYNASTY “Era of Good Emperors” NAME & TITLE AT ADDITIONAL NOTES BIRTH Marcus Cocceius Aristocrat chosen by the Senate Nerva Honest politician who loved poetry Lessened taxes, recalled exiles, and stopped using informants to find dissenters Imperator Caesar First non-Italian emperor Nerva Traianus Divi Granted the plebeians a direct gift of money Nervae filius Achieved the greatest military expansion in Augustus Roman history Built roads, canals, harbors, and improved many areas of the city Publius Aelius Rebuilt the Pantheon temple and Hadrianus Augustus constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma Built Hadrian’s Wall which marked the northern Roman Britain Created the praetorian and aedilician edicts which advanced Roman law Titus Fulvius Aelius Adopted by Hadrian on his deathbed Hadrianus Antoninus Had Hadrian deified following his death Augustus Pius Pardoned many criminals, protected slaves, established peace with Asia, and refused to execute senators March 7, 161CE – March 17, 180 CE Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Initially served as a co-emperor with Lucius Verus, his adoptive brother Defended the borders of Rome with Germanic tribes Devout student of philosophy; wrote Meditations about philosophy