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Civ I- PowerPoint text from Lectures 13 and 14 Lecture 13: The Early Empire I) Second Triumvirate II) The Principate III) Emperors, 14-181 AD IDs: Octavian Marc Antony Princeps Augustus Pax Romana Praetorian Guard Aeneid Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero “Year of the 4 Emperors” Vespasian Flavian dynasty bread and circuses Antonines Caesar’s Dictatorship The Ides of March Octavian Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Just 18 years old Named as heir by Julius Caesar Second Triumvirate Octavian - Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson Marc Antony - Caesar’s comrade Lepidus - Caesar’s deputy Marc Antony’s funeral oration Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears; I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him; The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interréd with their bones, So let it be with Caesar…. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it…. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, (For Brutus is an honourable man; So are they all; all honourable men) Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral…. He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man…. 2nd Triumvirate Rule of Octavian/Augustus Undermines Marc Antony Elected consul in 31 BC Victory at Actium (vs. Antony) by 31 BC Octavian as “Princeps” in 27 BC - “1st citizen” Also becomes emperor as “Augustus”- 27 BC - end of republic/start of empire II) The Principate The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, police Military reforms: Reduced size, Praetorian Guard The Principate Political reforms: Cooperation w/ Senate Mutual recognition Popular reforms: Roman fire department, Military reforms: Reduced size, Praetorian Guard Main appeal- stability Pax Romana The Two Caesars: Augustus: “I restored, I completed, I built, I gave” “Divine Augustus” Projecting Pax Romana Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) 9 BC “Divine Augustus” The Principate police Main appeal- Pax Romana - stability Literary patronage Propertius, Elegies (p. 153) Virgil’s Aeneid “When I had said this, over my breadth of shoulder And bent neck, I spread out a lion skin For tawny cloak and stooped to take his weight. Then little Iulus put his hand in mine And came with shorter steps beside his father. My wife fell in behind.” - The Aeneid, Book II lines 936- 942 Revision the origins of Rome (vs. Romulus) - what’s added, what’s lost? Virgil on Roman destiny (from The Aeneid) “Others shall plead cases better and others will better Track the course of the heavens and announce the rising stars. Remember Romans, your task is to rule the peoples This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace, To spare the defeated and subdue the haughty.” Vs. Ovid III) Emperors, 14-181 AD Julio-Claudian Dynasty Succession? Tiberius Gaius (Caligula) Claudius Nero Tiberius (r. 14-37 AD) General under Augustus Divorce and remarriage “Stern and irascible” Unhappiness Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD) Great-grandson of Augustus Caesar Nicknamed “Caligula” Cruel and violent Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD Return to a republic? Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) Bribed the Praetorian Guard Eliminated any rivals Died in 54 AD Emperor Nero (54-68 AD) Emperor at 16 Public festivals Relations with the Senate Persecution of Christians Paraniod Military rebellion in 68 AD 69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors” Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals Quick scramble for power Civic apathy How are Emperors like the weather? “We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus Flavian Dynasty Aqueducts The Pantheon Arch of Titus (81 AD) Frieze from the Arch Trajan’s Column The Coliseum (72-80 AD) Circus Maximus Roman Baths Give the People What they Want: Bread and Circuses Seneca and the Gladiatorial Games • Lecture 14- Imperial Crisis & Christian Origins I) Early Imperial Dynasties II) The Third-Century Crisis III) Consolation? IDs: Antonine dynasty Marcus Aurelius Septimus Severus Debasement Barracks emperors Sassanids West Germanic Revolution Goths Persecution neoplatonism Asceticism Mystery cults Synoptic Gospels John’s Gospel Revelations Crucifixion Saul of Tarsus • Julio-Claudian Dynasty Succession? Tiberius Gaius (Caligula) Claudius Nero • Tiberius (r. 14-37 AD) General under Augustus Divorce and remarriage “Stern and irascible” Unhappiness • Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD) Nicknamed “Caligula” Cruel and violent Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD Return to a republic? • Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) Bribed the Praetorian Guard Eliminated any rivals • Emperor Nero (54-68 AD) Emperor at 16 Public festivals Relations with the Senate Persecution of Christians Paraniod Military rebellion in 68 AD • 69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors” Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals Quick scramble for power Civic apathy How are Emperors like the weather? “We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus • Flavian Dynasty • Arch of Titus (81 AD) • Circus Maximus • Give the People What they Want: Bread and Circus • Seneca and the Gladiatorial Games • The Antonines (96- 193 AD) Military leaders • The Antonines (96- 193 AD) Military leaders Tradition of succession Ended with Marcus Aurelius Commodus - overthrown • II) Third-Century Crisis • The Third-Century Crisis Problems: From Above • Pertinax Successor to Commodus Appointed by Praetorian Guard Career soldier Killed by Praetorian Guard after 3 months • Emperor Septimus Severus (r. 193-211) Pertinax succeeds Commodus - killed by Praetorian Guard Declining plunder Confiscations from Senators Military rule “Enrich the army, boys, and scorn the rest.” • Caracalla (r. 211-217) and debasement • “Barracks emperors” Praetorian Guard Financial problems “Raised and destroyed”: 17 of the 20 emperors between 235 and 284 AD are killed by their own troops or other Romans • The Third-Century Crisis Problems: From Above From Outside • Problems from outside the Empire Slowing conquest Famine and plagues New barbarian threats • Sassanid Empire The Sassanids: Revived Persian Empire Pressure from the East Emperor Valerian captured • West Germanic Revolution Initial clans New alliances Germans: Franks Alemanni Goths: Germans Slavs Scythians • The Third-Century Crisis Problems: From Above From Outside From Below • Debasement and inflation • Bulla the Lucky Army of 600 men Northern Italy “Carry this message back to your own masters: Let them feed their slaves so that they might not be compelled to turn to a life of banditry.” • Imperial Response: Persecution Initial explanation of problems: Roman gods were upset - resistance from monotheists Answer: enforce religious conformity • Neoplatonism Founded by Plotinus Three teachings: 1) Emanations -soul -matter 2) Mysticism - reunion (c. 204-270 AD) 3) Asceticism - Denial of materialism • Roman “Mystery Cults” From fringes to the center: Isis Mithras Dionysius Personal alternative to civic religion