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Julius Caesar • Patrician, educated, good speaker and politician • Moved up ladder – power, wealth, popularity – Governor of Spain, Consul, Governor of Gaul … • Poor loved him, Senators feared his power • Senate demands that he disband his army • Caesar chose to “cross the Rubicon” with his army = act of war (civil war) Jan 1, 49BC Julius Caesar (cont.) • Caesar defeated Pompey (former ally, now rival) at Battle of Pharsalus • Caesar took total power in Rome (46 BC) • Senate named him Dictator for 10 years, then for life • Sweeping reforms made poor happy, Senators angry – Expanded Senate to 900 men – Citizenship to people in outlying provinces – Public works programs = more jobs • Senators feared Caesar’s increasing power, assassinated him on March 15, 44BC From Chaos to Empire • Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, and his top General, Mark Antony, joined forces to kill Caesar’s murderers • Then, Octavian vs. Mark Antony for sole rule of Rome. At Battle of Actium (31 BC), Octavian won • Senate gave title of “Augustus” (exalted one), became Augustus Caesar • Augustus – – – – had total power (government, military) was a smooth leader (people & Senate liked him) became first Emperor of Rome started Pax Romana – 200 years of Roman peace & prosperity First Emperors of Rome Name + Qualities Augustus Great leader Roman values Pax Romana Tiberius -stoic, unpopular Good leader Caligula -insane, fat, bald, murderer --- - Qualities --- Cause of Death Liked By Old Age Everyone Picked Caligula to be next Emperor Smothered by Caligula No one Killed most of family Embarrassed Senate Horse as Consul Praetorian Guard Himself Mushrooms from Agrippina Some Stole people at weddings Claudius Ok Ruler -skilled, but weak Married Agrippina Adopted Nero Nero -insane, dangerous ruler Killed mom, wives Himself, with Killed Christians help Beat up people Public embarrassment Rebuilt Rome Himself